We previously showed that fetal exposure to maternal
type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with altered
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in adult offspring. Here, we investigated whether this β-cell defect displays a sex dimorphism. Twenty-nine adult nondiabetic offspring of T1D mothers (ODMs) were compared with 29 nondiabetic offspring of T1D fathers. We measured early insulin secretion in response to oral
glucose and insulin secretion rate in response to intravenous
glucose ramping.
Insulin sensitivity and body composition were assessed by a euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. In response to oral
glucose, male and female ODMs displayed a reduced insulin secretion. In contrast, in response to graded intravenous
glucose infusion, only female ODMs (not males) exhibited decreased insulin secretion. There was no defect in response to combined intravenous
arginine and
glucose, suggesting that male and female ODMs exhibit a functional β-cell defect rather than a reduced β-cell mass. In conclusion, fetal exposure to maternal diabetes predisposes to β-cell dysfunction in adult male and female offspring. This β-cell defect is characterized by a sexual dimorphism following intravenous
glucose stimulation.