Tamoxifen is one of the most commonly employed endocrine
therapies for patients with
estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive
breast cancer. Unfortunately the clinical benefit is limited due to intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. We previously reported a genome-wide association study that identified common SNPs near the CTSO gene and in ZNF423 associated with development of
breast cancer during
tamoxifen therapy in the NSABP P-1 and
P-2 breast cancer prevention trials. Here, we have investigated their roles in ERα-positive
breast cancer growth and
tamoxifen response, focusing on the mechanism of CTSO. We performed in vitro studies including
luciferase assays, cell proliferation, and mass spectrometry-based assays using ERα-positive
breast cancer cells and a panel of genomic data-rich lymphoblastoid cell lines. We report that CTSO reduces the
protein levels of BRCA1 and ZNF423 through
cysteine proteinase-mediated degradation. We also have identified a series of
transcription factors of BRCA1 that are regulated by CTSO at the
protein level. Importantly, the variant CTSO SNP genotypes are associated with increased CTSO and decreased
BRCA1 protein levels that confer resistance to
tamoxifen. Characterization of the effect of both CTSO SNPs and ZNF423 SNPs on
tamoxifen response revealed that cells with different combinations of CTSO and ZNF423 genotypes respond differently to
Tamoxifen,
PARP inhibitors or the combination of the two drugs due to SNP dependent differential regulation of BRCA1 levels. Therefore, these genotypes might be
biomarkers for selection of individual drug to achieve the best efficacy.