Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately three million people in the United States. Furthermore, non-celiac
gluten sensitivity (NCGS) affects an estimated additional 6% of the population, e.g., 20 million in the U.S. The only effective treatment of CD and NCGS requires complete removal of
gluten sources from the diet. While required adherence to a
gluten-free diet (GFD) is extremely difficult to accomplish, efforts to develop additional supportive treatments are needed. To facilitate these efforts, we developed a
gluten-sensitive (GS) rhesus macaque model to study the effects of novel
therapies. Recently reported results from phase one of this project suggest that partial improvement-but not remission-of
gluten-induced disease can be accomplished by 100-fold reduction of dietary
gluten, i.e., 200 ppm-by replacement of conventional dietary sources of
gluten with a mutant, reduced
gluten (RG) barley (lys3a)-derived source. The main focus of this (phase two) study was to determine if the inflammatory effects of the residual
gluten in lys3a mutant barley grain could be further reduced by oral supplementation with a prolylendopeptidase (PE). Results reveal that PE supplementation of RG barley diet induces more complete immunological, histopathological and clinical remission than RG barley diet alone. The combined effects of RG barley diet and PE supplementation resulted in a further decrease of inflammatory mediators IFN-γ and TNF secretion by peripheral lymphocytes, as well as decreased plasma anti-
gliadin and anti-intestinal
tissue transglutaminase (TG2)
antibodies, diminished active
caspase production in small intestinal mucosa, and eliminated clinical
diarrhea-all comparable with a
gluten-free diet induced remission. In summary, the beneficial results of a combined RG barley and PE administration in GS macaques may warrant the investigation of similar synergistic approaches.