The need for
surgical decompression for
abdominal compartment syndrome is becoming more frequent in patients with severe
acute pancreatitis, especially in association with massive fluid
resuscitation at the early stages of the disease.
Decompression can be achieved with either a full-thickness laparostomy that can be performed through a vertical midline or transverse subcostal incision, or by performing a subcutaneous linea alba
fasciotomy. Following a fullthickness laparostomy the open abdomen can be best managed with some form of negative abdominal pressure dressing. During dressing changes every 2-3 days, every attempt should be made to gradually close the fascial incision starting from edges, but avoiding recurrent
abdominal compartment syndrome. Gradual closure is more likely to succeed in association with a negative fluid balance. Peripancreatic exploration or necrosectomy is seldom required at the initial laparostomy, unless performed for late onset
abdominal compartment syndrome associated with infected peripancreatic
necrosis. Primary fascial closure should always be attempted. If impossible and there is no need for subsequent abdominal re-exploration, the open
wound should be covered with split-thickness
skin grafting directly over the bowel loops. After a maturation period of 9-12 months definitive repair of the abdominal wall defect is performed utilizing the components separation technique, mesh repair, or a pedicular or microvascular tensor facia lata flap. Knowledge of the available
decompression and reconstruction options is essential for individualized management of patients with severe
acute pancreatitis and
abdominal compartment syndrome. More research and comparative studies are needed to determine the most successful methods to be used.