Intravascular hemolysis describes the relocalization of
heme and
hemoglobin (Hb) from erythrocytes to plasma. We investigated the concept that erythrocyte membrane microparticles (MPs) concentrate cell-free
heme in human hemolytic diseases, and that
heme-laden MPs have a physiopathological impact. Up to one-third of cell-free
heme in plasma from 47 patients with
sickle cell disease (SCD) was sequestered in circulating MPs. Erythrocyte vesiculation in vitro produced MPs loaded with
heme. In silico analysis predicted that externalized
phosphatidylserine (PS) in MPs may associate with and help retain
heme at the cell surface. Immunohistology identified Hb-laden MPs adherent to capillary endothelium in kidney biopsies from hyperalbuminuric SCD patients. In addition,
heme-laden erythrocyte MPs adhered and transferred
heme to cultured endothelial cells, inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. In transgenic SAD mice, infusion of
heme-laden MPs triggered rapid vasoocclusions in kidneys and compromised microvascular dilation ex vivo. These vascular effects were largely blocked by
heme-scavenging
hemopexin and by the PS antagonist annexin-a5, in vitro and in vivo. Adversely remodeled MPs carrying
heme may thus be a source of
oxidant stress for the endothelium, linking
hemolysis to
vascular injury. This pathway might provide new targets for the therapeutic preservation of vascular function in SCD.