Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting
hormones are major neuroendocrine regulators of human body metabolism being driven directly to the anterior pituitary gland via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins. The alternative physiological or therapeutic interventions utilizing the pharmaco-nutritional boost of
imidazole-containing
dipeptides (non-hydrolized oral form of
carnosine,
carcinine,
N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops) can maintain health, enhance physical exercise performance and prevent ageing.
Carnosine (β-alanyl-
L-histidine) is synthesized in mammalian skeletal muscle. There is an evidence that the release of
carnosine from the skeletal muscle sarcomeres moieties during physical exercise affects autonomic neurotransmission and physiological functions.
Carnosine released from skeletal muscle during exercise acts as a powerful afferent physiological signaling stimulus for hypothalamus, may be transported into the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), specifically to TMN-
histamine neurons and hydrolyzed herewith via activities of
carnosine-degrading
enzyme (
carnosinase 2) localized in situ. Through the colocalized enzymatic activity of
Histidine decarboxylase in the histaminergic neurons, the resulting
L-histidine may subsequently be converted into
histamine, which could be responsible for the effects of
carnosine on neurotransmission and physiological function.
Carnosine and its
imidazole-containing
dipeptide derivatives are renowned for their anti-aging,
antioxidant, membrane protective,
metal ion chelating, buffering, anti-glycation/ transglycating activities used to prevent and treat a spectrum of age-related and
metabolic diseases, such as
neurodegenerative disease, sight threatening
eye diseases,
Diabetes mellitus and its complications,
cancers and other disorders due to their wide spectrum
biological activities. The precursor of
carnosine (and related
imidazole containing compounds) synthesis in skeletal muscles
beta-alanine is used as the oral supplement by athletes to achieve the fine sporting art results due to the buffering activities of
carnosine and its related
imidazole- containing compounds which contribute to the maintenance of the acid-base balance in the acting muscles. This work originally emphasizes that overall data indicate the signaling activities of
carnosine in skeletal and cardiac muscles switching on the mechanisms of exercise-induced telomere protection and point to the stress response and growth/cellular proliferation pathways as high-priority candidates for the ongoing studies and therapeutic concepts. The therapeutic interventions utilizing the specific oral formulation (Can-C Plus), timing dosing and pharmaco-nutritional boost of imidazolecontaining
dipeptides can maintain health, enhance physical exercise performance and prevent aging. The patented therapeutic concept protects the existence of the interesting physiological major activities, better controls and therapeutic treatments for aging/age-related disorders (including age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function) using
carnosine dipeptide for cellular
rejuvenation and manipulating telomeres and
enzyme telomerase activity that may reduce some of the physiological declines that accompany aging.