1,5-Anhydroglucitol in saliva is a noninvasive marker of short-term glycemic control.

Abstract

CONTEXT:

In most ethnicities at least a quarter of all cases with diabetes is assumed to be undiagnosed. Screening for diabetes using saliva has been suggested as an effective approach to identify affected individuals.

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the study was to identify a noninvasive metabolic marker of type 2 diabetes in saliva.

DESIGN AND SETTING:

In a case-control study of type 2 diabetes, we used a clinical metabolomics discovery study to screen for diabetes-relevant metabolic readouts in saliva, using blood and urine as a reference. With a combination of three metabolomics platforms based on nontargeted mass spectrometry, we examined 2178 metabolites in saliva, blood plasma, and urine samples from 188 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 181 controls of Arab and Asian ethnicities.

RESULTS:

We found a strong association of type 2 diabetes with 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) in saliva (P = 3.6 × 10(-13)). Levels of 1,5-AG in saliva highly correlated with 1,5-AG levels in blood and inversely correlated with blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. These findings were robust across three different non-Caucasian ethnicities (Arabs, South Asians, and Filipinos), irrespective of body mass index, age, and gender.

CONCLUSIONS:

Clinical studies have already established 1,5-AG in blood as a reliable marker of short-term glycemic control. Our study suggests that 1,5-AG in saliva can be used in national screening programs for undiagnosed diabetes, which are of particular interest for Middle Eastern countries with young populations and exceptionally high diabetes rates.

• Authors: Dennis O Mook-Kanamori, Mohammed M El-Din Selim, Ahmed H Takiddin, Hala Al-Homsi, Khoulood A S Al-Mahmoud, Amina Al-Obaidli, Mahmoud A Zirie, Jillian Rowe, Noha A Yousri, Edward D Karoly, Thomas Kocher, Wafaa Sekkal Gherbi, Omar M Chidiac, Marjonneke J Mook-Kanamori, Sara Abdul Kader, Wadha A Al Muftah, Cindy McKeon, Karsten Suhre
• Journal: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (J Clin Endocrinol Metab) Vol. 99 Issue 3 Pg. E479-83 (Mar 2014) ISSN: 1945-7197 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 24423354 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Blood Glucose
• 1,5-anhydroglucitol
• Deoxyglucose

Topics

• Adult
• Aged
• Biomarkers (analysis, metabolism)
• Blood Glucose (metabolism)
• Case-Control Studies
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Deoxyglucose (analysis, metabolism)
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (diagnosis, metabolism)
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Mass Spectrometry (methods)
• Metabolomics (methods)
• Middle Aged
• Saliva (chemistry, metabolism)
• Young Adult