Potential effects of reclassifying CKD as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent in the US population.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease events, but are not classified as such in current US cholesterol treatment guidelines. We examined potential effects of modified guidelines in which CKD was considered a "coronary heart disease (CHD) risk equivalent" for risk stratification.

STUDY DESIGN:

Nationally representative cross-sectional study.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS:

4,823 adults 20 years or older from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

PREDICTORS:

Cardiovascular risk stratification based on current US cholesterol treatment guidelines and 2 simulated scenarios in which CKD stages 3-5 or CKD stages 1-5 were considered a CHD risk equivalent.

OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS:

Proportion of persons with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol at levels above treatment targets and above the threshold for lipid-lowering therapy initiation, based on current guidelines and the 2 simulated scenarios.

RESULTS:

Under current guidelines, 55.1 million adults in 2010 did not achieve the target LDL cholesterol goal. Of these, 25.2 million had sufficiently elevated levels to meet recommendations for initiating lipid-lowering therapy; 12.1 million were receiving this therapy but remained above goal. When CKD stages 3-5 were considered a CHD risk equivalent, 59.2 million persons were above target LDL cholesterol goals, with 28.5 million and 13.3 million meriting therapy initiation and intensification, respectively. When CKD stages 1-5 were considered a CHD risk equivalent, 65.2 million adults were above goal, with 33.9 million and 14.4 million meriting therapy initiation and intensification, respectively.

LIMITATIONS:

CKD and LDL cholesterol defined using a single laboratory value.

CONCLUSIONS:

Many adults in the United States currently do not meet recommended goals for LDL cholesterol levels. Modifying the current cholesterol guidelines to include CKD as a CHD risk equivalent would lead to a substantial increase in both the number of persons with levels above LDL cholesterol treatment targets and those recommended to initiate lipid-lowering therapy.

• Authors: Meredith C Foster, Andreea M Rawlings, Elizabeth Marrett, David Neff, Morgan E Grams, Bertram L Kasiske, Kerry Willis, Lesley A Inker, Josef Coresh, Elizabeth Selvin
• Journal: American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation (Am J Kidney Dis) Vol. 63 Issue 5 Pg. 753-60 (May 2014) ISSN: 1523-6838 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 24369751 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2014 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Cholesterol, LDL

Topics

• Adult
• Aged
• Cholesterol, LDL (blood)
• Coronary Disease (blood, epidemiology, etiology)
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Nutrition Surveys (methods)
• Public Health
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic (classification, complications, epidemiology)
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• United States (epidemiology)
• Young Adult