Recent findings indicate that
VEGF receptors and coreceptors (
neuropilins; NRP) are expressed on nonendothelial cells in human bladder urothelium, in one human
bladder cancer cell line (J82), and in the mouse bladder urothelium. In addition, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, NRP1, and NRP2 expressions were upregulated in animal models of chronic bladder
inflammation induced by four weekly instillations of
protease-activated receptors (PAR)-activating
peptides or bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) into the mouse bladder. Here, we used four weekly instillations of BCG as a model for chronic bladder
inflammation to further investigate whether
VEGF receptors and NRPs play a role in the migration of inflammatory cells and
inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. For this purpose, we used
neutralizing antibodies that were engineered to specifically block the binding of
VEGF to NRP (anti-NRP1(B)) and the binding of
semaphorins to NRP (anti-NRP1(A)). C57BL/6 mice received
intraperitoneal injections of PBS, anti-NRP1(A)- or anti-NRP1(B)-neutralizing
antibodies and then were challenged chronically with intravesical PBS or BCG. At the end of chronic challenge period, a fluorescent internalizable tracer, scVEGF/
Cy5.5, was administered to all mice and near-infrared fluorescence images were obtained in vivo and in real time. BCG increased the overall accumulation of scVEGF/
Cy5.5 in the urinary bladder urothelium and inflammatory cells. In addition, BCG increased the density of blood and lymphatic vessels concomitantly with an upregulation of NRP2 expression in lymphatic vessels. Treatment of the mice with NRP1-neutralizing
antibodies dramatically reduced scVEGF/
Cy5.5 uptake, polymorphonuclear (
myeloperoxidase-positive cells) and dendritic cell (CD11c-positive cells) infiltration, and decreased the overall density of BCG-induced blood and lymphatic vessels. These results implicate NRPs as critical in vivo regulators of the vascular and inflammatory responses to the
intravesical administration of BCG.