More effective therapeutic approaches for
castration-resistant
prostate cancer (CRPC) are urgently needed, thus reinforcing the need to understand how prostate
tumors progress to
castration resistance. We have established a novel mouse xenograft model of
prostate cancer, KUCaP-2, which expresses the wild-type
androgen receptor (AR) and which produces the
prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In this model,
tumors regress soon after
castration, but then reproducibly restore their ability to proliferate after 1 to 2 months without AR mutation, mimicking the clinical behavior of CRPC. In the present study, we used this model to identify novel therapeutic targets for CRPC. Evaluating
tumor tissues at various stages by gene expression profiling, we discovered that the
prostaglandin E receptor EP4 subtype (EP4) was significantly upregulated during progression to
castration resistance. Immunohistochemical results of human
prostate cancer tissues confirmed that EP4 expression was higher in CRPC compared with
hormone-naïve
prostate cancer. Ectopic overexpression of EP4 in LNCaP cells (LNCaP-EP4 cells) drove proliferation and PSA production in the absence of
androgen supplementation in vitro and in vivo.
Androgen-independent proliferation of LNCaP-EP4 cells was suppressed when AR expression was attenuated by RNA interference. Treatment of LNCaP-EP4 cells with a specific EP4 antagonist,
ONO-AE3-208, decreased intracellular
cyclic AMP levels, suppressed PSA production in vitro, and inhibited
castration-resistant growth of LNCaP-EP4 or KUCaP-2
tumors in vivo. Our findings reveal that EP4 overexpression, via AR activation, supports an important mechanism for
castration-resistant progression of
prostate cancer. Furthermore, they prompt further evaluation of EP4 antagonists as a novel therapeutic modality to treat CRPC.