Differential survival benefit of universal HAART access in Brazil: a nation-wide comparison of injecting drug users versus men who have sex with men.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

Brazil accounts for approximately 70% of injection drug users (IDUs) receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in low-income/middle-income countries. We evaluated the impact of HAART availability/access on AIDS-related mortality among IDUs versus men who have sex with men (MSM).

DESIGN:

Nation-wide analysis on Brazilian IDU and MSM diagnosed with AIDS in 2000-2006.

METHODS:

Four national information systems were linked, and Cox regression was used to assess impact of HAART availability/access on differential AIDS-related mortality.

RESULTS:

Among 28,426 patients, 6777 died during 87,792 person-years of follow-up. Compared with MSM, IDU were significantly less likely to be receiving HAART, to have ever had determinations for CD4 or viral load. After controlling for confounders, IDU had a significantly higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.94; 95% confidence interval: 1.84 to 2.05). Among the subset that had at least 1 CD4 and viral load determination, higher risk of death among IDU persisted (hazard ratio: 1.82; 95% confidence interval: 1.58 to 2.11). Nonwhite ethnicity significantly increased this risk, whereas prompt HAART uptake after AIDS diagnosis reduced the risk of death. After controlling for spatially correlated survival data, AIDS-related mortality remained higher in IDU than in MSM.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite free/universal HAART access, differential AIDS-related mortality exists in Brazil. Efforts are needed to identify and eliminate these health disparities.

• Authors: Monica Malta, Francisco I Bastos, Cosme M F P da Silva, Gerson Fernando Mendes Pereira, Francisca F A Lucena, Maria G P Fonseca, Steffanie A Strathdee
• Journal: Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) (J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr) Vol. 52 Issue 5 Pg. 629-35 (Dec 2009) ISSN: 1944-7884 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 19675464 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Topics

• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (drug therapy, mortality)
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
• Brazil (epidemiology)
• Databases, Factual
• Developing Countries
• HIV-1
• Health Services Accessibility
• Healthcare Disparities
• Homosexuality, Male
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Risk Factors
• Substance Abuse, Intravenous