Azurin, a member of the
cupredoxin family of
copper containing redox
proteins, preferentially penetrates human
cancer cells and exerts
cytostatic and cytotoxic (apoptotic) effects with no apparent activity on normal cells.
Amino acids 50 to 77 (p28) of
azurin seem responsible for cellular penetration and at least part of the antiproliferative, proapoptotic activity of
azurin against a number of solid tumor cell lines. We show by confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting that
amino acids 50 to 67 (p18) are a minimal motif (protein transduction domain) responsible for the preferential entry of
azurin into human
cancer cells. A combination of inhibitors that interfere with discrete steps of the endocytotic process and
antibodies for caveolae and Golgi-mediated transport revealed that these amphipathic, alpha-helical
peptides are unique. Unlike the cationic
cell-penetrating peptides, alpha-helical antennapedia-like, or VP22 type
peptides, p18 and p28 are not bound by cell membrane
glycosaminoglycans and preferentially penetrate
cancer cells via endocytotic, caveosome-directed, and caveosome-independent pathways. Once internalized, p28, but not p18, inhibits
cancer cell proliferation initially through a
cytostatic mechanism. These observations suggest the
azurin fragments, p18 and p28, account for the preferential entry of
azurin into human
cancer cells and a significant amount of the antiproliferative activity of
azurin on human
cancer cells, respectively.