We investigated the effects of a novel Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-1 (NHE-1) inhibitor
KR-33028 on
glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured neuron cells in vitro and
cerebral infarct in vivo by comparing its potency with that of
zoniporide, a well-known, highly potent NHE-1 inhibitor.
KR-33028 inhibited NHE-1 activation in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50)=2.2 nM), with 18-fold greater potency than that of
zoniporide (IC(50)=40.7 nM).
KR-33028 significantly attenuated
glutamate-induced LDH release with approximately 100 times lower EC(25) than that of
zoniporide in cortical neurons in vitro (EC(25) of 0.007 and 0.81 microM, respectively), suggesting its 100-fold greater potency than
zoniporide in producing anti-necrotic effect. In addition, the EC(50) of
KR-33028 for anti-apoptotic effect was 100 times lower than that of
zoniporide shown by TUNEL positivity (0.005 and 0.62 microM, respectively) and
caspase-3 activity (0.01 and 2.64 microM, respectively). Furthermore, the EC(50) value of
KR-33028 against
glutamate-induced intracellular Ca(2+) overload was also 100 times lower than that of
zoniporide (EC(50) of 0.004 and 0.65 microM, respectively). In the in vivo
cerebral infarct model (60 min
middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion),
KR-33028 reduced
infarct size in a dose-dependent manner. Its ED(25) value, however, was quite similar to that of
zoniporide (ED(25) of 0.072 and 0.097 mg/kg, respectively). Hence these results suggest that the novel NHE-1 inhibitor,
KR-33028, could be an efficient therapeutic tool to protect neuronal cells against ischemic injury.