It has been demonstrated that the
opioid peptide dynorphin plays a role in modulating responses to several psychoactive substances including
cocaine. Our laboratory and others have found that
mRNA levels of
dynorphin in the caudate and putamen are elevated after acute or chronic
cocaine exposure in rats. Recently, a 68-base pair (bp) repeat polymorphism within the core promoter region of the human
prodynorphin gene has been reported to occur in alleles containing one, two, three, or four copies. This repeat contains a putative
AP-1 transcription factor binding site; reporter gene constructs with three or four, but not one or two, copies of the tandem repeats were shown to be associated with increases in transcriptional activation in in vitro cellular assays. We hypothesize that this polymorphism may be associated with individual differences in vulnerability to
cocaine dependence or abuse. From an ongoing study of the genetics of addiction, 174 subjects were studied, including individuals with a primary diagnosis (DSM-IV criteria) of
cocaine dependence (N = 61) or abuse (N = 22), and controls with no history of any
substance dependence or abuse (N = 91). We designed primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify sequences of the promoter region of the
prodynorphin gene containing the repeat
element. The association of alleles containing three or four repeats with
cocaine dependence/abuse was examined. With data stratified by ethnic group, pooled relative risk (RR) with Mantel-Haenszel Chi square was calculated: RR = 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.37-0.95), chi2 (1) = 4.14, P = 0.042. Our results suggest that this allelic variation at the promoter region of the
prodynorphin gene (alleles with three or four repeats), which may result in enhanced transcription of the gene, may contribute to relative protection and decrease individual vulnerability to develop
cocaine dependence or abuse.