Prescription Drug Misuse

Improper use of prescription drugs or medications outside the intended purpose, scope, or guidelines for use.

Also Known As:

NMUPD; Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs; Prescription Medicine Misuse; Drug Misuse, Prescription; Medicine Misuse, Prescription; Misuse, Prescription Drug; Misuse, Prescription Medicine; Non Medical Use of Prescription Drugs; Prescription Medicine Misuses

Networked: 241 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 32 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Substance-Related Disorders (Drug Abuse)
2.	Prescription Drug Misuse
3.	Pain (Aches)
4.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
5.	COVID-19

Experts

1.	Ford, Jason A: 13 articles (09/2022 - 06/2012)
2.	McCabe, Sean Esteban: 13 articles (01/2022 - 10/2006)
3.	Schepis, Ty S: 10 articles (09/2022 - 01/2019)
4.	Lankenau, Stephen E: 10 articles (01/2020 - 01/2007)
5.	Benotsch, Eric G: 8 articles (01/2020 - 01/2011)
6.	Homish, Gregory G: 6 articles (05/2022 - 08/2010)
7.	Papp, Lauren M: 6 articles (06/2021 - 09/2010)
8.	Guo, Lan: 6 articles (09/2019 - 10/2016)
9.	Kelly, Brian C: 6 articles (01/2015 - 01/2007)
10.	Parsons, Jeffrey T: 6 articles (01/2015 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Prescription Drug Misuse:

1.	Illicit Drugs (Recreational Drugs)IBA 01/01/2018 - "Odds of prescription drug misuse via altered routes of administration were significantly greater among participants with earlier onset of alcohol, marijuana, prescription, illicit drugs, or polysubstance use. " 08/06/2014 - "To test the efficacy of 2 brief counseling interventions for unhealthy drug use (any illicit drug use or prescription drug misuse)-a brief negotiated interview (BNI) and an adaptation of motivational interviewing (MOTIV)-compared with no brief intervention. " 08/06/2014 - "The United States has invested substantially in screening and brief intervention for illicit drug use and prescription drug misuse, based in part on evidence of efficacy for unhealthy alcohol use. " 05/19/2023 - "This study examines racial and ethnic disparities and prevalence in prescription drug misuse, illicit drug use, and the combination of both behaviors in the United States. " 11/01/2018 - "The aim of the study is to describe the prevalence of illicit drug use in England and Wales using data from the UK Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs (NMURx) programme and to compare against the well-established Crime Survey England and Wales (CSEW). "
2.	Prescription DrugsIBA 01/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to identify the strongest and most consistent risk and protective factors associated with nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) in multiple contexts, specifically in community-, school-, interpersonal-, and individual-level domains. " 01/01/2015 - "In light of alarming increases in prescription drug misuse and the role of demographic characteristics in sexual risk behavior and outcomes, the current study examined demographic differences (gender, sexual identity, age, relationship status, parental class background, and race/ethnicity) in sexual risk behavior, sexual behavior under the influence of prescription drugs, and sexual risk behavior under the influence of prescription drugs in a sample of 402 young adults (ages 18 to 29) who misused prescription drugs. " 02/14/2012 - "This study examined patterns of prescription drug misuse among high-risk young adults in Los Angeles (LA) and New York (NY), which represent different local markets for illicit and prescription drugs. " 10/01/2006 - "This study examined the relationship between past-year drinking behaviors and nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) in a nationally representative sample. " 12/01/1999 - "Four patterns of prescription drug misuse are documented in this study: 1) overuse of medications, often by means of multiple prescriptions obtained from different physicians; 2) the acquisition of prescription drugs for the purpose of resale through illegal channels; 3) borrowing or "swapping" medications through informal exchange; and 4) under- or nonuse of prescription drugs. "
3.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 06/01/2023 - "NMPOU can be a steppingstone towards other forms of opioid use therefore, opioid prevention programs should emphasize prescription drug misuse and consider socio-contextual and geographical variations." 12/01/2021 - "Opioid-involved prescription drug misuse and poly-prescription drug misuse in U.S. " 01/01/2021 - "Prescription drug misuse occurred in 20% of songs, including; prescription cold medication (13%), other types of opioids (4%), and various other prescriptions (e.g. " 01/01/2021 - "Prescription medicine misuse, especially misuse of opioids has become a major public healthcare issue in many developed countries such as the USA and Australia where this is associated with significant morbidity (Emergency Department visits due to acute toxicity) and mortality. " 07/01/2018 - "Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are among the most promising state-level interventions to improve opioid prescribing, inform clinical practice, and protect patients at risk for prescription drug misuse, overdose, and death. "
4.	Hypnotics and Sedatives (Sedatives)IBA 12/01/2018 - "Specifically, results suggest targeting anxiety sensitivity for sedative/tranquilizer misuse, sensation seeking for stimulant misuse, and impulsivity for unconstrained prescription drug misuse. " 03/01/2008 - "We analyzed data from 18- to 34-year-old respondents from the 2001 to 2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to determine to what extent early age-of-onset drinking increased risks for prescription drug misuse (PDM), defined as 1 or more positive responses to: "ever having misused sedatives, tranquilizers, painkillers or stimulants, obtained either as prescriptions or from indirect sources." Lifetime prevalence of PDM was 15.4% among 8306 "drinkers" and 3% among 4652 "nondrinkers." Unadjusted odds for PDM for both men and women increased with each successively younger drinking age-of-onset, reaching a 10-fold risk at <14 years (odds ratio [OR], 10.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.43-15.3) for men and women combined). " 06/01/2009 - "This study used three characteristics (i.e., motive, route of administration, and co-ingestion with alcohol) of nonmedical prescription drug misuse across four separate classes (i.e., pain, sedative/anxiety, sleeping, and stimulant medications) to examine subtypes and drug related problems. " 01/01/2019 - "NMUPD refers to sedative, anxiety, or pain medication intake within the last 15 days without medical prescription. " 01/01/2017 - "Logistic regression models were estimated to examine the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics (e.g., social disorganisation, social capital, and social participation) and prescription drug misuse (e.g., any misuse, pain reliever misuse, sedative/tranquiliser misuse, and stimulant misuse) among adolescent respondents ages 12-17. "
5.	Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics)IBA 05/01/2016 - "Any NMUPD was examined, as were stimulants, anxiolytics, and painkillers. " 01/01/2017 - "These findings suggest that among these college students, NMUPD-associated NSE were not uncommon, and primarily associated with anxiolytic/sedative use. " 01/01/2010 - "The non-medical use of prescription drugs, such as anxiolytics and hypnotics, has become a growing public health problem in Thailand. " 01/01/2020 - ": Online data were collected from 1,052 undergraduates (68.7% females) with an average age of 19.8 years in 2016 in Virginia, United States, using anonymous surveys assessing perceived stress, psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depression and social anxiety), resilience (i.e., tenacity, tolerance, acceptance, control, and spirituality), and past-three-month NMUPD (i.e., opioids, sedatives, anxiolytics, and stimulants). " 01/01/2016 - "Twenty-four per cent of the sample reported lifetime non-medical use of prescription drugs across the following categories: analgesics (21.2%), anxiolytics (14.4%), stimulants (12.5%) and sedatives (8.7%). "
6.	BenzodiazepinesIBA 11/01/2023 - "Medical use of prescription benzodiazepines by age 35 requires monitoring for prescription drug misuse, and any prescription benzodiazepine misuse warrants an assessment for substance use disorder." 11/01/2023 - "Prescription benzodiazepine use or misuse may signal later prescription drug misuse or substance use disorders. " 01/01/2007 - "A three-city study of 213 young IDUs found prescription drug misuse to be pervasive, specifically the use of opioids and benzodiazepines. " 01/01/2022 - "To examine changes in United States past-year opioid, stimulant, and benzodiazepine prescription drug misuse (PDM) and poly-PDM by demographics. " 11/01/2019 - "Increased odds of combined opioid and benzodiazepine prescription drug misuse was observed among unmarried older adults. "
7.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 01/01/2017 - "Using this methodology, 2.3M tweets were identified that contained content relevant to analgesic NMUPD. " 07/01/2002 - "In 1997, 4.2 million people used analgesics, 2.1 million used tranquillizers, and an additional 2.3 million people used various other drugs, including sedatives, tranquillizers, etc. The non-medical use of prescription drugs exceeds that of all illicit substances except for marijuana and hashish. " 01/01/2016 - "Twenty-four per cent of the sample reported lifetime non-medical use of prescription drugs across the following categories: analgesics (21.2%), anxiolytics (14.4%), stimulants (12.5%) and sedatives (8.7%). " 09/01/2013 - "Overall, 26.5% of participants reported lifetime NMUPD with the most commonly reported medications used non-medically being prescription analgesics (23.9%), anxiolytics (17.4%), stimulants (13.5%), and sedatives (8.4%). " 02/01/2022 - "This study was aimed at studying the non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among individuals with prescriptions for anxiolytics, sedatives, or strong analgesics. "
8.	Heroin (Diamorphine)IBA 01/01/2017 - "Future studies should investigate what other factors increase the risk of heroin use longitudinally, which is crucial to understanding how to best intervene among this population to prevent NMUPD and heroin use." 01/01/2018 - "Public health programming focused on reducing prescription drug misuse also may reduce youth engagement in heroin and/or injection drug use. " 01/01/2018 - "Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals for prescription drug misuse, heroin use, and injection drug use were calculated across time points, sex, and race/ethnicity subgroups. " 01/01/2018 - "Past-year use of alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-6.1), marijuana (AOR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.8-7.0), methamphetamines (AOR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.7-21.3), and heroin (AOR: 8.4; 95% CI: 2.0-35.2) were significantly associated with NMUPD. " 01/01/2017 - "NMUPD was associated with increased odds of heroin use among high school students. "
9.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 07/01/2019 - "Methods: Associations were examined between NMUPD in four classes over the past 12 months (antidepressant, painkillers, sedatives, and stimulants), and five aspects of sleep quality (Enough Sleep, Early Awakening, Daytime Sleepiness, Difficulty Falling Asleep, and Problem With Daytime Sleepiness) in the past seven days. " 01/01/2021 - "This study investigated associations between ACE and prescription drug misuse (e.g., antidepressants, opiates, sedatives and stimulants) among a diverse college population, as well as gender and racial/ethnic variations in these associations. " 01/01/2018 - "Methods: Data from 5308 young adult men from the Swiss cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) were analysed regarding NMUPD of sleeping pills, tranquilizers, opioid analgesics, psychostimulants, and antidepressants. " 12/01/2014 - "Lifetime prevalence estimates of NMUPD were: pain relievers (8.2%), sedatives/tranquilizers (5.6%), stimulants (3.5%), antidepressants (2.5%), and sleeping pills (2.3%). "
10.	Opiate AlkaloidsIBA 01/01/2021 - "This study investigated associations between ACE and prescription drug misuse (e.g., antidepressants, opiates, sedatives and stimulants) among a diverse college population, as well as gender and racial/ethnic variations in these associations. " 01/01/2022 - "Psychiatrists perceived non-medical use of prescription drugs, including benzhexol (muscle relaxant), benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety medication), and codeine (opiate painkiller), as the most common form of illicit substance use. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	MEA protocol 10/01/2020 - "The objectives of this study are to describe the development and administration of a mobile app and the EMA protocol designed to collect real-time factors associated with college students' prescription drug misuse intentions and behaviors in daily life; present completion rates, compliance, acceptability, and reactivity associated with the EMA protocol for participants who endorsed recent prescription drug misuse at screening (ie, risk group; n=300) and those who did not (ie, nonrisk group; n=55); and establish initial construct validity by linking the reports of misuse behaviors in daily life collected via the EMA app to prescription drug misuse reported on a standard survey. "
2.	Condoms (Condom) 07/01/2019 - "Although not statistically significant, trends suggest that respondents who engaged in NMUPD during sexual activity may be less likely to use condoms than those who engaged in lifetime or past 12-month NMUPD but not during sexual activity. " 07/01/2019 - "Results: Respondents and/or their sexual partners who engaged in NMUPD during sexual activity were significantly less likely to use condoms during 75% or more of past 12-month sexual encounters compared to respondents who had not engaged in lifetime and past 12-month NMUPD. " 07/01/2019 - "Objective: To examine the impact of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) during sexual activity on the frequency of condom use among a sample of college students. " 01/01/2016 - "Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) was associated with ever having sexual intercourse (aPR 1.16 [95% CI 1.11-1.22]), being currently sexually active (1.26 [1.20-1.33]), having ≥ 4 lifetime sexual partners (1.45 [1.34-1.57]), drinking alcohol or using drugs before last sexual intercourse (1.32 [1.17-1.48]), and not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (1.14 [1.05-1.23]). " 08/01/2022 - "Among participants, lifetime marijuana use (AOR=0.45), cocaine use (AOR=0.46), prescription drug misuse (AOR=0.52), and injecting substances with a needle (AOR=0.45) were all associated with lower odds of reporting condom use during the last act of receptive anal sex. "
3.	Pain Management 10/01/2016 - "The members of the Medical Education Working Group have agreed to continue to work together on key next steps, including connecting these competencies to those for residents, equipping interprofessional teams to address prescription drug misuse, and developing materials in pain management and opioid misuse for practicing physicians. " 01/01/2021 - "Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP) help prevent prescription drug misuse and promote appropriate pain management. " 01/01/2020 - "Many have pointed to prescription drug misuse as a nidus for patients to become addicted to opioids and as such, urologists and other surgical subspecialists must critically define optimal pain management for the various procedures performed within their respective disciplines. "
4.	Therapeutics 02/01/2018 - "To facilitate the safety assessment in light of global increases in prescription drug misuse/abuse, health authorities have developed guidance documents which provide a framework for evaluating the abuse liability of candidate therapeutics. " 01/01/2022 - "Problem opioid use, including high-dose opioid therapy, prescription drug misuse, and opioid abuse, is high and increasing in the PWH population. "
5.	Inappropriate Prescribing 08/01/2019 - "Search terms varied slightly across databases but included opioid, analgesics, inappropriate prescribing, practice patterns, and prescription drug misuse. "