Chronic Pain

Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.

Also Known As:

Networked: 18533 relevant articles (1555 outcomes, 2929 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Neuralgia (Stump Neuralgia)
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Postoperative Pain
5.	Osteoarthritis

Experts

1.	Kaye, Alan D: 75 articles (05/2022 - 01/2005)
2.	Manchikanti, Laxmaiah: 67 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
3.	Jensen, Mark P: 56 articles (10/2022 - 09/2002)
4.	Jamison, Robert N: 55 articles (11/2021 - 07/2002)
5.	Deer, Timothy R: 48 articles (01/2022 - 07/2002)
6.	Edwards, Robert R: 47 articles (10/2022 - 12/2003)
7.	Garland, Eric L: 47 articles (07/2022 - 01/2013)
8.	Porreca, Frank: 43 articles (04/2022 - 06/2003)
9.	Clauw, Daniel J: 42 articles (01/2022 - 08/2003)
10.	Fregni, Felipe: 42 articles (01/2022 - 04/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chronic Pain:

1.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 10/17/2020 - "All users would recommend it to others with chronic pain; nearly all trusted the information and said it helped them think about my treatment goals (94%), understand my chronic pain (82%), make the most of my next doctor's visit (82%), and not want to use opioids (73%). " 09/30/2014 - "The objectives of the article are to review the following: (1) the key initiating causes of the epidemic; (2) the evidence for safety and effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain; (3) federal and state policy responses; and (4) recommendations for neurologists in practice to increase use of best practices/universal precautions most likely to improve effective and safe use of opioids and to reduce the likelihood of severe adverse and overdose events. " 11/01/2012 - "Opioids are an extremely important part of medical practice, and for thousands of years, continued to provide relief from severe acute and chronic pain. " 01/01/2004 - "Opioid analgesics are highly effective for treating many forms of acute and chronic pain. " 02/15/2023 - "The MORE program has been proven effective in reducing opioids and increasing well-being in patients suffering from chronic pain and thus constitutes a promising therapeutic approach. "
2.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 01/01/2022 - "Chronic pain is often refractory to most current analgesics, thus emphasizing the requirement for improved therapeutic medications. " 10/15/2013 - "In recent years, analgesics that target specific nAChR subtypes have shown highly efficacious antinociceptive properties in acute and chronic pain models. " 01/01/2020 - "The sEHI are multimodal analgesics that have demonstrated potent efficacy against chronic pain. " 01/01/2018 - "However, the analgesic effects are not associated with an improvement in functional recovery, clearly highlighting an important difference between the two serotypes for the treatment of this chronic pain state." 12/01/2017 - "Unfortunately, few patients with chronic pain obtain complete relief from the analgesics that are currently available. "
3.	CannabinoidsIBA 01/01/2020 - "Results from systematic reviews have demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in chronic pain conditions with cannabinoids, compared with placebo, although the effects might be considered small and did not reach the minimally important difference. " 11/15/2017 - "Although exogenous agonists for cannabinoid (CB) receptors are clinically effective for treating chronic pain, global activation of brain CB receptors causes frequent central nervous system (CNS) side-effects. " 01/01/2021 - "Current evidence suggests that cannabinoids are safe with minimal side effects and are effective in managing chronic pain. " 01/01/2021 - "The efficacy of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain is not well established. " 01/01/2023 - "Meta-analyses and Trial Sequential Analysis showed that cannabinoids reduced chronic pain (mean difference NRS -0.43; 98% CI -0.72 to -0.15; P = 0.0004) and improved quality of sleep (mean difference -0.42; 95% CI -0.65 to -0.20; P = 0.0003). "
4.	KetamineFDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2020 - "Ketamine is beneficial in clinical settings ranging from procedural sedation to the treatment of chronic pain. " 09/01/2023 - "This case indicates that long-term ketamine infusions show promise for chronic pain management and that more longitudinal studies on this treatment are warranted." 01/01/2019 - "Ketamine infusions at both 0.5 and 0.25 mg/kg over 20 minutes were effective in treating acute exacerbations of chronic pain but resulted in more adverse effects compared to placebo. " 09/01/2023 - "Ketamine treatments given in a carefully monitored hospital setting are effective in reducing anxiety and improving mood in patients undergoing treatment for chronic pain. " 01/01/2019 - "These findings suggest that subanesthetic-dose ketamine is effective in patients with chronic pain whose brain functional connectivity between the mPFC and precuneus is low. "
5.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "Results of the study indicate that the use of topical morphine is effective in controlling chronic pain and topical morphine is absorbed systemically in the body." 06/01/2013 - "These results indicate that compounded morphine delivery effectively treats the chronic pain patient population. " 01/01/2014 - "Morphine, which is a gold standard in the treatment of chronic pain, is well-known for its immunosuppressive effects. " 12/01/2009 - "Improvement in psychosocial outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving intrathecal morphine infusions." 12/01/2015 - "This prospective multicenter interventional study recruited chronic pain patients prescribed ≥100 morphine equivalents for at least 4 months. "
6.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 09/01/2020 - "Antidepressants are used to treat depression and chronic, pain but more experimental studies are needed to determine which antidepressant drugs are the most effective in treating the 2 entities. " 07/01/1992 - "While several studies have examined the efficacy of antidepressant medication and psychological treatment in patients with chronic pain, most of these studies have focused on treating chronic pain rather than depression. " 07/29/2019 - "Further studies are warranted to establish better safety profiles and efficacy of antidepressant use in chronic pain." 06/01/1990 - "Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have increasingly demonstrated efficacy of the antidepressant agents in primary care patients, patients with chronic pain, and patients with comorbidity--chronic medical illness and major depression." 10/01/2018 - "Antidepressants may be effective in dentistry for acute and chronic pain, but there is a large amount of methodological heterogeneity among the evaluated studies. "
7.	Gabapentin (Neurontin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "Of the 11 trials, 8 studied gabapentin, 4 of which (i.e., 50%) found that perioperative administration of gabapentin decreased the incidence of chronic pain more than 2 months after surgery. " 01/01/2020 - "Gabapentin is effective in treating some chronic pain conditions. " 07/01/2014 - "Gabapentin is effective in reducing acute and chronic pain with little experience in parturient. " 06/01/2014 - "Gabapentin has shown to be effective in animals and humans with acute postoperative and chronic pain. " 07/28/2022 - "This study aims to observe the effect of gabapentin on neurogenesis in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of the adult rats with co-disease of chronic pain and depression. "
8.	Buprenorphine (Subutex)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2014 - "Prescribers were more likely than nonprescribers to find sublingual buprenorphine effective for chronic pain. " 12/25/2020 - "Is Buprenorphine Effective for Chronic Pain? " 01/01/2015 - "Conclusions The results imply that the 7-day buprenorphine patch may be a cost-effective treatment of moderate chronic pain in patients over 50 years of age. " 09/01/2005 - "Sublingual buprenorphine is effective in the treatment of chronic pain syndrome." 01/01/2018 - "This study investigated the efficacy of 5 different types of buprenorphine formulations in the chronic pain population. "
9.	Duloxetine Hydrochloride (Cymbalta)FDA Link 01/01/2017 - "This study demonstrated the efficacy of duloxetine in Chinese patients with chronic pain due to OA. " 03/01/2013 - "We here review the evidence for the efficacy of 60 mg once-daily dosing of duloxetine for chronic pain conditions. " 11/01/2011 - "Efficacy of Duloxetine in Patients with Chronic Pain Conditions." 01/01/2022 - "This study confirmed that duloxetine can significantly improve chronic pain of PIDP patients, and the safety was tolerable. " 02/04/2010 - "Two duloxetine chronic pain trials (placebo-controlled) were used to examine the impact of different analytical methods on study outcome. "
10.	Oxycodone (Oxycontin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2017 - "Patients with chronic pain aged 45 years and over (n = 13) were recruited from two primary care and one specialty practice sites and interviewed using a semistructured guide to capture their experiences with discontinuing OxyContin, the efficacy of alternate medications, and relationships with physicians. " 01/01/2012 - "The long-term safety and efficacy of extended-release form of oxycodone in relieving moderate-to-severe chronic pain has been demonstrated. " 01/01/2022 - "This study suggests that Xtampza ER may result in lower healthcare costs than OxyContin for a population of chronic pain patients switching from immediate release oxycodone based on real-world data." 10/01/2009 - "This study suggests that for healthy older adults who are not suffering from chronic pain, neurocognitive and pharmacodynamic changes in response to a 10-mg dose of immediate-release oxycodone are similar to those observed for middle-aged adults. " 02/01/2020 - "The new OTR formulation could provide a new choice in the treatment of chronic pain and reduce the potential for oxycodone abuse. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-MF) therapy is a promising treatment for chronic pain, given its ability to interact with body homeostasis using water-mediated transmission mechanisms typical of quantum medicine. " 11/01/2001 - "The application of these results to future studies may provide a standard definition of clinically important improvement in clinical trials of chronic pain therapies. " 01/01/2001 - "Eighty-six percent of responders find chronic pain therapy very difficult/difficult; they estimate only 45% of these patients achieve good outcomes. " 03/22/2018 - "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioural therapy, which may be beneficial for people with chronic pain. " 05/05/2014 - " revealed psychological therapies to be beneficial for children with chronic pain on seven outcomes. "
2.	Pain Management 12/01/2021 - "The findings suggest that smartphone-based pain management program, which is a highly accessible and cost-effective intervention, may provide benefits similar to a face-to-face intervention and shows promise for being effective on emotional, social, and school dimensions of quality of life in adolescents with different types of chronic pain. " 01/01/2019 - "Interdisciplinary multimodal pain management is effective in helping chronic pain patients lessen symptoms and reclaim functionality, but most patients lack access to such treatments. " 12/01/2017 - "These data support the more widespread use of non-pharmacological pain management, most notably in patients with chronic pain inadequately relieved by medications alone." 03/01/1997 - "In this review the most commonly used assessment instruments and patterns of age differences in the experience of chronic pain are described and evidence for the efficacy of psychological pain management strategies for this group is reviewed." 09/01/1995 - "Chronic pain is best treated through a multidisciplinary approach, with best results achieved by programs specialized in pain management. "
3.	Spinal Cord Stimulation 01/01/2016 - "Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been proven effective for multiple chronic pain syndromes. " 11/01/2020 - "Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been demonstrated across numerous high-quality and well-designed studies to be effective in treating various refractory chronic pain. " 11/01/2023 - "Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective treatment for chronic pain, but SCS efficacy has not significantly improved over time, in part because the mechanisms of action remain unclear. " 04/28/2022 - "Sex-specific differences in the efficacy of traditional low frequency versus high frequency spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain." 07/01/2016 - "A shorter delay time from chronic pain diagnosis to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implantation may make it more likely to achieve lasting therapeutic efficacy with SCS. "
4.	Analgesia 01/01/2020 - "A deeper scientific understanding of the brain and behavioral mechanisms underlying an optimal patient-clinician interaction may lead to improved quality of clinical care and physician training, as well as better understanding of the social aspects of the biopsychosocial model mediating analgesia in chronic pain patients." 12/01/2020 - "Enhanced EO analgesia (MPQ-Total) was associated with a significantly greater improvement in average chronic pain intensity (P = 0.009). " 11/01/2022 - "It is not clear which postoperative analgesia method is effective for the chronic pain after the postoperative long term progress. " 05/01/2012 - "Despite promise, the current state of results alludes to the possibility that cerebral neuromodulation has thus far not been effective in producing analgesia as intended in patients with chronic pain disorders. " 06/01/2015 - "The objective of this study was to determine if epidural self-controlled analgesia reduced the incidence of chronic pain and improved the quality of life when compared with intravenous self-controlled analgesia. "
5.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 09/01/2018 - "In this context, transcranial direct current stimulation, a noninvasive option, is available for most patients and has shown good results in the treatment of other symptoms such as chronic pain. " 11/01/2021 - "Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation, an invasive method of neuromodulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive method of altering cortical excitability, have both proven effective in relieving chronic pain. " 05/01/2010 - "In the present study, we investigated whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be effective in reducing central chronic pain in MS patients. " 04/28/2018 - "Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the primary motor cortex has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a number of chronic pain conditions. " 01/01/2017 - "Transcranial direct-current stimulation is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has been shown effective for improving various chronic pain conditions. "