Postpartum Depression (Post-Natal Depression)

Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)

Also Known As:

Post-Natal Depression; Postnatal Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Post-Partum Depression; Depression, Post-Natal; Depression, Post-Partum; Depression, Postnatal; Dysphoria, Post-Natal; Dysphoria, Post-Partum; Dysphoria, Postnatal; Dysphoria, Postpartum; Post Natal Depression; Post Natal Dysphoria; Post Partum Depression; Post Partum Dysphoria; Post-Natal Dysphoria; Post-Partum Dysphoria; Postnatal Dysphoria; Postpartum Dysphoria

Networked: 2805 relevant articles (107 outcomes, 570 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depressive Disorders)
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Depressive Disorder (Melancholia)
5.	Headache (Headaches)

Experts

1.	Meltzer-Brody, Samantha: 47 articles (03/2024 - 04/2007)
2.	Van Lieshout, Ryan J: 24 articles (01/2024 - 10/2011)
3.	Deligiannidis, Kristina M: 23 articles (05/2024 - 06/2010)
4.	Dennis, Cindy-Lee: 23 articles (12/2023 - 03/2003)
5.	Wisner, Katherine L: 23 articles (12/2023 - 08/2006)
6.	Skalkidou, Alkistis: 22 articles (12/2023 - 10/2009)
7.	Payne, Jennifer L: 20 articles (05/2024 - 02/2015)
8.	Osborne, Lauren M: 17 articles (01/2024 - 02/2015)
9.	Rubinow, David R: 16 articles (07/2023 - 05/2003)
10.	Sharma, Verinder: 14 articles (07/2023 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postpartum Depression:

1.	Tuberculin (PPD)IBA 06/01/2014 - "Postpartum depression screening can improve case identification (an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of ≥ 13 indicates a high risk of PPD) and, when associated with a diagnostic and follow-up program, leads to improved clinical outcomes. " 12/10/2022 - "Previous studies have shown an association between the intake of dairy products during pregnancy and reduced symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD). " 10/01/2022 - "This study was conducted to assess the real-world efficacy of a universal programme for the prevention of postpartum depression (PPD) in Shenzhen. " 02/01/2024 - "This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted landscape of postpartum depression (PPD), exploring its prevalence, impact on maternal and infant well-being, and the efficacy of existing screening and intervention practices. " 12/01/2021 - "Improved knowledge of causal and protective factors is crucial for Postpartum depression (PPD) prevention and management. "
2.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/2021 - "There is a continued imperative to better understand whether, and for whom, antidepressants or other treatments are more effective for postnatal depression, and whether some antidepressants are more effective or better tolerated than others. " 01/01/2021 - "We found low-certainty evidence that SSRI antidepressants may be more effective in treating postnatal depression than placebo as measured by response and remission rates. " 01/01/2022 - "Despite the widespread use of standard-of-care antidepressants as the mainstay of treatment for postpartum depression, there is limited evidence on their safety and efficacy due to their slow onset of action and suboptimal outcomes. " 01/01/2018 - "It is not clear whether antidepressants are effective for the prevention of postnatal depression and little is known about possible adverse effects for the mother and infant, particularly during breastfeeding. " 01/01/2013 - "Are antidepressants effective in the treatment of postpartum depression? "
3.	brexanoloneIBA 06/01/2022 - "Brexanolone has a novel mechanism of action and appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of moderate to severe postpartum depression. " 01/01/2021 - "Regarding benefits, brexanolone for third-trimester or postpartum depression onset may be associated with improved depressive symptoms at 30 days when compared with placebo. " 06/01/2022 - "Three clinical trials established the efficacy and safety of brexanolone in the treatment of postpartum depression. " 06/01/2022 - "Phase I, II, and III studies evaluating the pharmacology, efficacy, safety of brexanolone for postpartum depression were included. " 01/01/2019 - "It has been subsequently developed as Brexanolone and tested with success in phase III of clinical trials for the treatment of post-partum depression. "
4.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 06/01/2017 - "Results of pooled estimates of responses showed that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were significantly more effective than placebo in treating postpartum depression." 09/11/2014 - " estimates for response and remission found that SSRIs were significantly more effective than placebo for women with postnatal depression. " 05/19/2015 - "Compared with placebo, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are associated with better response and remission rates for postnatal depression. " 11/01/2003 - "Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating postpartum depression, concerns have been raised regarding their use in lactating women. " 01/01/2023 - "It is estimated that postpartum depression affects 10-15% of the population, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are often used as the first-line treatment. "
5.	zuranoloneIBA 06/08/2024 - "Exploring the clinical potentials of zuranolone in managing postpartum depression: A new therapeutic horizon." 05/01/2024 - "A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE with the terms postpartum depression, postpartum depression management, and zuranolone to locate relevant data for this narrative review. " 05/01/2024 - "Zuranolone was approved as an oral agent in August 2023 for the treatment of postpartum depression in adults. " 05/01/2024 - "Zuranolone: A Narrative Review of a New Oral Treatment for Postpartum Depression." 05/01/2024 - "The integration of zuranolone into clinical practice may significantly improve the quality of life for mothers facing the challenges of postpartum depression."
6.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "Appleby et al (1997) reported that Fluoxetine was significantly more effective than placebo and, after an initial session of counselling, as effective as a full course of cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. " 01/01/2001 - "Women with postnatal depression can be effectively treated with fluoxetine, which is as effective as a course of cognitive-behavioural counselling in the short-term. " 01/01/2018 - "Voluntary running influences the efficacy of fluoxetine in a model of postpartum depression." 03/01/2017 - "The aim of this double-blind clinical trial was to compare safety and efficacy of saffron and fluoxetine in treatment of mild to moderate postpartum depression. " 03/29/1997 - "A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression."
7.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2012 - "While both treatment groups improved significantly, the results of the present study did not demonstrate a significant benefit for sertraline over placebo as an add-on treatment to focused BDP in mild-to-moderate postpartum depression. " 01/01/2021 - "Sertraline for postpartum depression may be associated with improved response, remission, and depressive symptoms when compared with placebo. " 01/01/2019 - "A placebo controlled treatment trial of sertraline and interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression." 01/01/2018 - "In this study, 7% (1/14) of women who took sertraline developed postnatal depression in the first 17 weeks postpartum compared with 50% (4/8) of women who took placebo. " 03/01/2014 - "A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of sertraline for postpartum depression."
8.	NeurosteroidsIBA 06/01/2013 - "GABAergic neuroactive steroids and resting-state functional connectivity in postpartum depression: a preliminary study." 02/13/2024 - "Neurosteroids have been currently studied as novel and potent central nervous system drug-like compounds for the treatment of, e.g., postpartum depression. " 01/01/2022 - "Neuroactive steroids - new possibilities in the treatment of postpartum depression." 01/01/2022 - "Development of neuroactive steroids for the treatment of postpartum depression." 01/01/2018 - "A Novel, Synthetic, Neuroactive Steroid Is Effective at Decreasing Depression-Like Behaviors and Improving Maternal Care in Preclinical Models of Postpartum Depression."
9.	Pregnanolone (Allopregnanolone)IBA 01/01/2019 - "Our own prior study in a group of psychiatrically ill women found that low allopregnanolone in the second trimester predicted the development of postpartum depression. " 01/01/2017 - "Lower allopregnanolone during pregnancy predicts postpartum depression: An exploratory study." 01/01/2023 - "Divergent Transcriptomic Effects of Allopregnanolone in Postpartum Depression." 01/01/2022 - "Allopregnanolone in Postpartum Depression." 05/01/2020 - "Allopregnanolone in postpartum depression: Role in pathophysiology and treatment."
10.	Estradiol (Delestrogen)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2002 - "Estradiol may be effective for postpartum depression and for moderate-to-severe major depression in the perimenopause. " 09/01/2009 - "Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: a promising treatment option." 12/30/2021 - "This trial aims to evaluate the preventive effect of 3 weeks transdermal estradiol treatment immediately postpartum on depressive episodes in women at high risk for developing postpartum depression. " 01/01/2020 - "Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: results from a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." 08/01/2015 - "Transdermal Estradiol Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Pilot, Randomized Trial."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2023 - "In particular (internet-delivered) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy was successful for depression and stress, and peer support improved outcomes for postnatal depression and anxiety. " 07/01/2017 - "In this article, a case of severe postpartum depression, treated successfully with homeopathic therapy, is presented. " 01/01/2021 - "Mobile cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was effective in managing postpartum depression (MD = -6.87; 95% CI -7.92 to -5.82; p<0.001), whereas other support-based interventions had no added benefit. " 11/28/2013 - "There is evidence that psychological therapies including cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may be effective in reducing postnatal depression (PND) when offered to individuals. " 07/01/2023 - "A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy for postpartum depression. "
2.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 01/01/2021 - "Institutional and disciplined antenatal pregnancy trainings provide significant benefits during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period depression by especially reducing the rates of cesarean section and postpartum depression." 01/01/2021 - "The purpose of this study is to explore whether the mode of delivery will affect the risk of postpartum depression through the comprehensive network meta-analysis of elective cesarean section, emergency cesarean section, instrumental vaginal delivery and spontaneous vaginal delivery. " 12/01/2018 - "This study was conducted to determine the risk of postpartum depression in husbands of women who had a caesarean section and the factors affecting this risk. " 10/21/2018 - "The primary outcome of this trial will be the incidence of postpartum depression at 4 weeks after the caesarean section, together with the collection of the relevant data during hospitalisation and at 3 months after the caesarean section. " 03/01/2006 - "Meta-analyses of suitable studies failed to find evidence for a significant association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. "
3.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/01/2022 - "Improved Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Postpartum Depression Disorder: Associations With Individual Target-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment Effects." 01/01/2020 - "Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression symptoms and cognitive function in treating patients with postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." 01/01/2020 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of postpartum depression." 01/01/2012 - "This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study evaluated the impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on clinical, cognitive, and social performance in women suffering with postpartum depression. " 01/01/2012 - "Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on clinical, social, and cognitive performance in postpartum depression."
4.	Postnatal Care 06/01/2015 - "Male involvement was significantly associated with reduced odds of postpartum depression (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.68 for male involvement during pregnancy; OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.62 for male involvement post partum), and also with improved utilisation of maternal health services (skilled birth attendance and postnatal care). " 04/01/2013 - "Informed by Kleinman's explanatory model and the postcolonial feminist perspective, 30 immigrant and refugee women were interviewed to find out what factors influenced them in seeking postpartum care and what strategies would be helpful in prevention and treatment of postpartum depression. " 01/01/2023 - "The findings of this study support the feasibility of an active screening programme for parental postnatal depression during well-child visits as an integral part of postpartum care. " 01/01/2021 - "Home versus facility-based postnatal care (eight studies, 5179 women) The evidence suggests there may be little to no difference in postnatal depression rates at 42 days postpartum and also as measured on an EPDS scale at 60 days. " 07/01/2019 - "The study finds a weakly negative association between self-reported symptoms of postpartum depression and accessing routine postpartum care. "
5.	Massage (Zone Therapy) 03/01/2001 - "This study suggests that learning the practice of infant massage by mothers is an effective treatment for facilitating mother-infant interaction in mothers with postnatal depression." 01/01/2023 - "The review highlights women who used infant massage displayed a reduction in symptoms of postnatal depression, improved mother-infant interactions and improved self-efficacy in addition to benefits for infants. " 01/01/2023 - "The review highlights women who used infant massage displayed a reduction in symptoms of postnatal depression, improved mother-infant interactions and improved self-efficacy in addition to benefits for infants. " 07/01/2008 - "The current study further investigates any benefits of baby massage for mothers with postnatal depression and their infants. " 01/01/2023 - "The results are presented under three themes: 1) the effectiveness of mother-led infant massage on symptoms of postnatal depression; 2) women's experiences of mother-led infant massage; and 3) the effects of mother-led infant massage on the mother-infant relationship. "