Diphtheria

A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.

Also Known As:

Networked: 5951 relevant articles (185 outcomes, 745 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Tetanus
2.	Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
3.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
4.	Hepatitis B
5.	Infections

Experts

1.	Aaby, Peter: 54 articles (07/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 47 articles (05/2015 - 02/2000)
3.	Halperin, Scott A: 43 articles (11/2022 - 05/2002)
4.	Klein, Nicola P: 29 articles (01/2022 - 04/2008)
5.	Schuerman, Lode: 28 articles (01/2022 - 11/2002)
6.	Van Damme, Pierre: 24 articles (01/2021 - 03/2003)
7.	Rodrigues, Amabelia: 22 articles (07/2022 - 06/2003)
8.	Benn, Christine Stabell: 22 articles (01/2022 - 04/2004)
9.	Pollard, Andrew J: 21 articles (01/2022 - 04/2005)
10.	Jacquet, Jeanne-Marie: 20 articles (08/2011 - 01/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diphtheria:

1.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/1983 - " Diphtheria toxioid, a very safe and relatively stable vaccine, is very effective in protecting against the development of diphtheria. " 12/01/2021 - "We carried out an in silico prospection of vaccine candidates through reverse vaccinology for targets that exhibit antigenic potential against diphtheria. " 06/12/2006 - "There is increasing concern over the efficacy of existing vaccines for diphtheria and there is interest in the development of a mucosally active formulation which might improve local protection. " 01/01/1995 - "Although prevalent, with recurrent epidemics during the pre-vaccine era, with the introduction of immunisation, diphtheria has been practically eliminated for the past 40 years. " 11/28/2023 - "The study highlights the serious effects of diphtheria on public health, particularly in regions with scarce resources and vaccine resistance, and offers a number of suggestions to overcome these challenges and prevent further outbreaks."
2.	ToxoidsIBA 04/06/1948 - "Recent data on the resurgence of diphtheria in Europe and on the formal efficacy of Ramon toxoid." 01/01/2000 - "This study worked out differences between purified diphtheria toxoids. " 06/01/1970 - "Studies on the composition of diphtheria toxoids. " 06/01/1970 - "Studies on the composition of diphtheria toxoids. " 07/28/2023 - "Diphtheria anti-toxoids (DAT); were not available at this time in Osun state, Nigeria. "
3.	Pertussis VaccineIBA 12/01/1990 - "The subjects consisted of 56 volunteers (20-31 years of age) who had received regular inoculations of diphtheria and pertussis vaccine (I and II or III phases). " 01/01/1962 - "[The morphology of the vaccination process in guinea pigs inoculated with diphtheriapertussis, pertussis vaccine and diphtheria anatoxin]." 12/01/2018 - "Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a newly developed tri-component diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine in a murine model." 01/01/2017 - "Assessment of safety and efficacy against Bordetella pertussis of a new tetanus-reduced dose diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine in a murine model." 11/01/2023 - "Immunogenicity and safety of BPZE1, an intranasal live attenuated pertussis vaccine, versus tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2b trial."
4.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2018 - "However, there is an imbalance in the degree of protection against the two antigens with insufficient long-term protection against diphtheria, particularly in the elderly population. " 07/01/1999 - "The conducted study showed that there is a mutual relationship between the weak proliferative response in the MLC of the parents, combined with the absence of BAS, and low immune response to the diphtheria antigen. " 10/01/1962 - "[Study on the sensitization to antigens elaborated by various strains of diphtheria and non-diphtheria corynebacteria]." 01/01/1952 - "Studies on the purification of diphtheria antigens." 01/01/1949 - "Research on skin reactivity to different diphtheria and pseudodiphtheria antigens; contribution to the study of the antigenic structure of diphtheria and pseudo-diphtheria bacilli, the mechanism, the histology of intradermoreactions and general cutaneous biology."
5.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines (Tripedia)FDA Link 12/01/2018 - "Simultaneously, we assessed humoral and cellular immunity for evaluating the immunogenicity of a newly developed tri-component diphtheria-tetanus-aP (DTaP) vaccine. " 03/01/2009 - "More recently, a refinement of this method based on dermal temperature measurement has been developed for ACVs in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines (DTaP). " 01/01/1996 - "Tetanus antibody was higher pre- and post-vaccination for DTwP versus both DTaP vaccine groups, and diphtheria antibody was similar pre- and post-vaccination for all 3 groups. " 11/01/2014 - "Children who had received 5 previous doses of any diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine were enrolled in a phase IV clinical trial; 646 10-year-olds and 645 11-year-olds completed the study, which involved a single intramuscular dose of Tdap5 along with pre- and postvaccination serologies. " 03/01/1998 - "In a prospective, randomized, comparative, multi-centre study, 822 healthy infants were enrolled to receive three doses of either a candidate or a commercially available Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine concomitantly with diphtheria-, tetanus- acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. "
6.	AntitoxinsIBA 04/01/1987 - "A serological study to evaluate the efficacy of the diphtheria immunisation programme in Singapore based on sera collected from 425 healthy persons between 6 months and 40+ years of age showed that 94.6% of the population surveyed possessed protective neutralising antitoxin (greater than or equal to 0.01 IU/ml). " 07/01/1982 - "An evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of low dose of antitoxin in the treatment of diphtheria." 07/01/2000 - "Six weeks (minimum 25 days, maximum 98 days) after a single booster injection, 89.7% of the subjects achieved full protection against diphtheria, and only 3.9% had antitoxin levels below the protective level. " 03/01/2010 - "Comparative assessment of efficacy of homologous and heterologous diphtheria antitoxins on the example of diphtheria intoxication. " 11/01/2008 - "It was shown that in patients with toxic diphtheria heterologous antitoxin is eliminated within 4-6 weeks. "
7.	AntibodiesIBA 03/17/2022 - "Placental transfer of antibodies and crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) were analyzed to describe factors related with maternal protection against diphtheria. " 10/01/2019 - "Several seroprevalence studies have been conducted in those regions to determine whether those populations have adequate levels of antibodies against diphtheria. " 01/01/2015 - "of the study: data of the official statistical reporting--forms number 1, 6, the serum level of antitoxic antibodies to diphtheria in 19319 healthy individuals were analyzed with the aid of epidemiological (descriptive and evaluative), immunological and statistical methods. " 01/01/2015 - "Studies revealed that over 60% of persons aged >40 years in the Polish population do not have a protective level of antibodies against diphtheria. " 01/01/2014 - "Seroprevalence study of anti diphtheria antibodies in two age-groups of Romanian adults."
8.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine (DPT Vaccine)IBA 05/01/1987 - "Besides, the study has shown that after the main complex of immunizations with adsorbed DPT vaccine protective immunity to diphtheria is retained in 90.3-96.8% of children covered by this study for 9-10 years. " 03/01/2023 - "Conclusion Increased vaccination coverage and completing all doses of the DPT vaccine are crucial to avert deaths due to diphtheria. " 01/01/2017 - "Furthermore, despite Thailand having high DTP vaccine coverage, our model predicts that there will be diphtheria outbreaks after the year 2014 due to waning immunity. " 05/01/2007 - "The coverage rate of DPT vaccine did not necessarily reflect the immunity against diphtheria, suggesting the increase of immunity against diphtheria an urgent task to be taken care of." 06/01/1983 - "[Seroepidemiological survey of diphtheria in Thailand and the effect of a triple vaccine (DTP)]."
9.	Diphtheria Toxoid (Vaccine, Diphtheria)FDA Link 02/01/2000 - "This study suggests that one dose of 2 Lf diphtheria toxoid is highly effective in raising DAT to protective levels in most adults; however, the study also shows that certain age groups, particularly persons 40-49 and, to a lesser degree, 30-39 years old may require additional doses or a complete three-dose primary vaccination series for optimal protection against diphtheria." 01/30/1999 - " These findings indicate that a booster dose of diphtheria toxoid at the age of school entry is effective in preventing diphtheria among school-aged children. " 02/19/1983 - "We conclude that adults should not be vaccinated without previous screening for susceptibility to diphtheria; that neither previous immunisation nor age is reliable in predicting the need for vaccination; and that though a single booster dose of diphtheria toxoid is probably effective in adults under 45, two doses should be given to those in the older age group." 01/01/2006 - "While improved coverage of children in developing countries with diphtheria toxoid has led to progressive decreases in diphtheria; eradication is unlikely in the foreseeable future and gaps in immunity among adult population exist or are developing in many other countries. " 12/15/1989 - "On both occasions a diphtheria microneutralization assay was done for "gold standard" evidence of prior exposure to diphtheria toxoid or toxin. "
10.	Tetanus Toxoid (Vaccine, Tetanus)FDA Link 01/01/2018 - "The uniformity and yield of low doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid was also improved by mixing, albeit with a lower yield of 60-68%. " 01/01/2021 - "Studies aimed at identifying the mechanisms of the immunoregulatory effect of vaccination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid on the parameters of adaptive immunity in children with kidney pathology are limited. " 11/01/2006 - "With regard to the latter, the present study explores the possibility of testing both diphtheria and tetanus toxoid potencies using serum from the same animals." 01/01/2002 - "The study also investigated whether sera from the same immunised guinea pigs can be used for potency determination of both the diphtheria and the tetanus toxoid components. " 08/31/1996 - "Incidence of adverse reactions after administration of high dose diphtheria with tetanus vaccine to school leavers: retrospective questionnaire study."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/01/2001 - "Emil von Behring, an immunologist, received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his studies on serum therapy of diphtheria. " 07/01/1960 - "Some clinical findings for a study of anti-diphtheria therapy]." 01/01/2023 - "Antimicrobial therapy is important for case management of diphtheria, but knowledge on the emergence of multidrug-resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae is scarce. " 05/01/2020 - "Secondary tracheal distortion in an adult patient after therapy for diphtheria at childhood." 02/24/2016 - "Serum therapy was first used in the 1890s against diphtheria. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2022 - "Cutaneous diphtheria should be considered in immunocompromised patients receiving chemotherapy." 02/01/1950 - "Chemotherapy in experimental diphtheria infection." 02/01/2009 - "In this randomized controlled study, we studied the effect of immune responses to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) booster vaccination in children 6 months after completing chemotherapy. " 01/01/2020 - "After chemotherapy, children with acute lymphocytic leukemia lose immunity and need revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. " 03/01/2011 - "Given that a significant proportion of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) lose immune protection to tetanus, diphtheria, and poliomyelitis, revaccination is indicated after chemotherapy. "
3.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 01/01/2007 - "We aimed to determine the rates and certain determinants of protection against diphtheria in adult hemodialysis (HD) patients. " 01/01/2007 - "Determinants of protection against diphtheria in adult hemodialysis patients." 01/01/2000 - "Protection against diphtheria and the immune response to diphtheria vaccination in hemodialysis patients is poor. " 01/01/2000 - "Only 6/16 hemodialysis patients responded to immunization against diphtheria by specific antibody production (> 0.1 IU/ml). " 07/01/1997 - "We analyzed the immunity to diphtheria of 228 hemodialysis patients and the efficiency of single versus triple vaccination against diphtheria. "
4.	Injections 11/01/1947 - "Further Studies on the Immunization of Rabbits to Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae by Injections of Nontoxigenic Diphtheria Bacilli." 05/04/1999 - "Diphtheria booster vaccination: one or two injections?" 01/01/1948 - "Restoration of diphtheria immunity without injections (Bousfield's method)." 06/16/1945 - "Restoration of Diphtheria Immunity without Injections." 01/01/1907 - "On the Supersensitation of Persons suffering from Diphtheria by Repeated Injections of Horse Serum."
5.	Prenatal Care (Care, Prenatal) 08/19/2019 - "Coverage was 90.4%, but only some 30% began prenatal care in the first trimester, and only 60% of the eligible women were vaccinated for diphtheria and tetanus. " 01/01/2015 - "Monthly summary HIS data concordance between a gold standard data quality audit and routine HIS data was assessed in 26 health facilities in Sofala Province, Mozambique across four indicators (outpatient consults, institutional births, first antenatal care visits, and third dose of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccination) and five levels of health system data aggregation (daily facility paper registers, monthly paper facility reports, monthly paper district reports, monthly electronic district reports, and monthly electronic provincial reports) through retrospective yearly audits conducted July-August 2010-2013. " 09/13/2021 - "We used Sierra Leone 2016 RHIS data to calculate coverage of first antenatal care contact (ANC1), institutional delivery and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus 3 (DPT3) immunization service provision. " 12/07/2018 - "The most equitable intervention was early initiation of breastfeeding, with an absolute difference (quintile 5 minus quintile 1) of -7.9% (95% CI, -11.1% to -4.8%), although antenatal care (1 visit) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization (3 doses) demonstrated the best combination of high coverage and low inequalities. " 06/14/2014 - "The purpose of the present study was to verify the data availability, and consistency of six key maternal and child health indicators (first antenatal care, fourth antenatal care, skilled birth attendants, postnatal care, 'Bacillus Calmette Guerin and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus third dose). "