Hyperferritinemia

A finding of elevated serum level of FERRITIN. It is often associated with IRON OVERLOAD, repeated blood transfusions, malignancy, iron metabolic syndromes, virus infection, liver injury or dysfunction, and renal failure. Hyperferritinemia in iron metabolic syndromes (e.g., Still's diseases, and HEMOPHAGOCYTIC SYNDROME) is referred to as dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia.

Also Known As:

Networked: 833 relevant articles (23 outcomes, 59 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fever (Fevers)
2.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
3.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia)
4.	Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
5.	Infections

Experts

1.	Fargion, Silvia: 10 articles (01/2021 - 10/2003)
2.	Adams, Paul C: 10 articles (08/2018 - 02/2007)
3.	Barton, James C: 10 articles (08/2018 - 04/2007)
4.	Dongiovanni, Paola: 9 articles (01/2021 - 10/2006)
5.	Fracanzani, Anna Ludovica: 8 articles (01/2021 - 10/2006)
6.	Valenti, Luca: 8 articles (01/2015 - 10/2006)
7.	Shoenfeld, Yehuda: 7 articles (08/2021 - 08/2007)
8.	McLaren, Christine E: 7 articles (08/2018 - 02/2007)
9.	McLaren, Gordon D: 7 articles (08/2018 - 02/2007)
10.	Carcillo, Joseph A: 6 articles (01/2022 - 12/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hyperferritinemia:

1.	Ferritins (Ferritin)IBA 05/01/1980 - "A longitudinal study of serum ferritin levels in 34 of the 58 patients showed the same association of elevated serum ferritin with active disease; a return of ferritin levels to the normal ranges coincided with remission. " 09/01/2021 - "The purpose of the study to explore the prevalence and to figure out the causes of general hyperferritinemia and extreme hyperferritinemia as detected through the ferritin measurements requested by the rheumatology department. " 02/01/2021 - "Participants referred to a hospital haematology outpatient clinic for investigation and management of elevated serum ferritin (two serum ferritin levels > 500 μg/L 4 weeks apart) were included in the study. " 01/28/2020 - "To study the spectrum of diagnosis associated with elevated serum ferritin, we made a retrospective review of patients admitted to our center from 2015 and 2017 with serum ferritin levels above 2000 μg L-1. " 09/01/2015 - "This study evaluates the distribution of etiologies and short-term mortality in patients with ultrahyperferritinemia (defined as a serum ferritin concentration >5000 ng/mL). "
2.	IronIBA 01/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hyperferritinemia and iron consumption. " 12/01/2012 - "This article aims to outline the role of the Australian Red Cross Blood Service Therapeutic Venesection program, to clarify the interpretation of the HFE gene test and iron studies, and to describe the steps in evaluating a patient with elevated serum ferritin. " 06/11/2011 - "We present the study of a family with dual hyperferritinemia (congenital and acquired) and an analysis of the genes involved in iron metabolism. " 05/01/2002 - "This study was undertaken to determine whether hyperferritinemia corresponded to elevated body iron stores or not and, affirmatively, what were its mechanism, its clinical consequences, and its spontaneous course. " 10/07/2023 - "Hyperferritinemia and liver iron content determined with MRI: Reintroduction of the liver iron index."
3.	EnzymesIBA 01/17/2019 - "The laboratory data demonstrated bicytopenia, elevated liver enzyme levels, and hyperferritinemia. " 10/01/2012 - "Elevated liver enzymes were present in 80% of the case series and hyperferritinemia in 100% with a mean of 3,962 ng/mL (range 555-13,865). " 10/01/2010 - "Hyperferritinemia and elevated hepatic enzymes were seen in all patients. " 11/01/2011 - "Here, we report a preterm infant born at 34 weeks of gestational age who had formerly received intrauterine transfusions for Rhesus hemolytic disease and presented with severe hyperferritinemia and elevated liver enzymes in the first week of life. " 01/01/2017 - "Phlebotomy is effective for the improvement of liver enzymes and histology in patients with NAFLD and hyperferritinemia."
4.	Alanine Transaminase (SGPT)IBA 12/01/2016 - "The aim of the study was to investigate the association among elevated serum ferritin, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 'elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels beyond healthy-range limits' in children and adolescents. " 01/01/2022 - "Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (OR: 1.170, 95% CI: 1.036-1.322, p = 0.012), alanine aminotransferase (OR: 1.012, 95% CI: 1.005-1.019, p < 0.001), and positive Perl's staining (OR: 4.880, 95% CI: 2.072-11.494, p < 0.001) as independent risk factors of hyperferritinemia. " 01/01/2020 - "The patient had daily alcohol use and was found to have elevated serum ferritin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase. " 10/01/2020 - "The second and third patients with homozygous splice site mutation (c.430-1G>A) in STXBP2 were siblings who presented at birth with fevers, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and hyperferritinemia but did not fulfill FHL criteria. " 08/24/2018 - "Participants with cirrhosis had significantly greater mean age, proportion of men, diabetes prevalence, mean daily alcohol intake, prevalence of swollen/ tender 2nd/3rd metacarpophalangeal joints, mean serum ferritin, elevated alanine aminotransferase, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, and mean iron removed; and significantly fewer mean blood pints/units donated. "
5.	Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein (Anakinra)FDA Link 09/05/2023 - "Data in adult sepsis has shown that use of anakinra, an anti-IL-1 receptor antagonist led to improved clinical outcomes in patients with features of macrophage activation and hyperferritinemia. " 02/01/2016 - "Despite equivocal results in sepsis trials, anakinra is effective in treating macrophage activation syndrome, a similar entity with fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatobiliary dysfunction, cytopenias, and hyperferritinemia. " 07/01/2020 - "She had high fevers, anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, hematophagocytosis, and elevated serum ferritin (37,950 ng/mL) and CD25 levels (11,870 pg/mL), which remained unresponsive to corticosteroids and anakinra. " 01/01/2021 - "Due to its non-specific clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of MAS depends on high clinical suspicion and initial laboratory work up such as thrombocytopenia, transaminitis, hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, etc. In our patient, MAS led to decompensated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) leading to right heart failure that was refractory to inhaled and intravenous epoprostenol and vasopressors and required VA-ECMO as a bridge to recovery while his MAS was managed by anakinra and dexamethasone. " 06/01/2014 - "Plasma exchange, methylprednisolone, IV immune globulin, and now anakinra support continued PICU equipoise in management of hyperferritinemia-associated sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome/macrophage activation syndrome/secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome*."
6.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 06/15/2021 - "Based on the presence of pancytopenia, hyperferritinemia, and hemophagocytosis by a bone marrow examination, she was diagnosed with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which was refractory to glucocorticoid pulse therapy. " 01/01/2020 - "Although disease activity temporarily improved, she developed fever, elevation of liver enzymes, hyperferritinemia, severe inflammatory response, and thrombocytopenia a month after starting glucocorticoids. " 01/01/2017 - "The addition of infliximab to glucocorticoids and tacrolimus improved the fever and hyperferritinemia and enabled a reduction in the dose of prednisolone without relapse of the diseases." 01/01/2017 - "Although the administration of glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, intravenous immunoglobulins, and etoposide ameliorated the clinical findings of DM and cytopenia, the fever and hyperferritinemia remained. "
7.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 01/01/2023 - "Laboratory investigations revealed decreased levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, along with reduced natural killer cell activity, increased CD25, hyperferritinemia, and the detection of Rickettsia DNA in his blood, meeting the diagnostic criteria of the Histiocyte Society HLH-2004 guidelines. " 10/01/2010 - "The high reliability of HRM in detecting known and new DNA variations indicate that this could be an effective and sensitive method for molecular scanning of mutations in the IRE of the FTL gene in patients presenting with either HHCS or unexplained hyperferritinemia." 12/20/2022 - "His blood examination showed pancytopenia and hyperferritinemia, but positive results for anti-ds-DNA antibody and hypocomplementemia were not recognized. " 06/01/2020 - "Laboratory findings showed acute renal impairment, pancytopenia, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA seropositivity with a replication index of 2 million copies/mL, and hyperferritinemia. " 03/01/2001 - "The mutations described to date were identified by direct sequencing of DNA from probands with hyperferritinemia often associated to bilateral cataracts. "
8.	Deferoxamine (Desferal)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1993 - "Five patients with an elevated serum ferritin were treated with deferoxamine, 1 g intramuscularly, twice a week for 12 weeks. " 04/01/1993 - "To confirm these results and to study potential beneficial effects of deferoxamine on insulin secretion, 9 individuals with NIDDM and elevated serum ferritin levels were treated twice weekly with deferoxamine infusion, following a previously described protocol. " 12/01/1982 - "The results showed that even children with a limited number of transfusions had severe iron overload as indicated, in particular, by the raised serum ferritin levels and the high excretion rates after subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine. " 05/01/2006 - "Treatment with intravenous desferrioxamine resulted in a marked decrease in serum ferritin levels and normalization of liver function We suggest that patients who have undergone IUT be evaluated for hyperferritinemia. " 06/01/2023 - "Abrupt increased serum creatinine in a hyperferritinemia patient treated with deferoxamine after cord blood transplantation: a case report with literature review."
9.	DeferasiroxFDA Link 01/01/2019 - "This study firstly demonstrates the improved survival and restoration of GVL effects of patients with AML by deferasirox, which also clarifies the detrimental effect of hyperferritinemia through after allo-HSCT." 01/01/2019 - "Of 326 consecutive patients undergoing allo-HSCT in remission, analysis of 198 patients not receiving deferasirox revealed the negative prognostic effect of hyperferritinemia (≥1000 ng/mL) before and after allo-HSCT on survival mainly due to increase in relapse. " 01/01/2019 - "Of 276 patients with hyperferritinemia at 1 month after allo-HSCT, 128 patients (46%) received deferasirox. " 01/01/2010 - "Recent clinical evidence has demonstrated the efficacy and safety of deferasirox in transfusion-dependent MDS patients with elevated serum ferritin levels. " 01/01/2010 - "In this report we present a 37-year-old thalassemia patient with hyperferritinemia referred to our Microcytemia Centerat the beginning of deferasirox (DFX) therapy. "
10.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)IBA 01/01/2022 - "IV-FCM therapy helps achieve significant improvement in hemoglobin concentration and MCV from the first dose carrying a low reversible risk of hyperferritinemia following multiple doses. " 01/01/2016 - "Laboratory investigation revealed pancytopenia (white blood cells, 2,020 cells/µL; hemoglobin, 10.2 g/dL; platelets, 52,000 cells/µL), hypertriglyceridemia (229 mg/dL), and hyperferritinemia (1,420 ng/mL). " 09/01/2015 - "Obesity, high hemoglobin A1c, insulin resistance, hyperferritinemia, and the PNPLA3 G allele were independent factors associated with NAFLD in non-obese subjects. " 06/01/2011 - "Hyperferritinemia is commonly found in patients with chronic kidney disease regardless of their hemoglobin level and is often considered to be related to chronic inflammatory status as well as malnutrition and neoplasias. " 06/01/2006 - "On the basis of progressive hyperferritinemia (1323 ng/ml), anemia (hemoglobin: 5.2 g/dl), hypertriglyceridemia (547 mg/dl) and increased LDH (1063 IU/l) with hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was diagnosed. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/01/2014 - "Prospective clinical trials are needed to identify optimal therapy for those patients ≥ 547 days of age with undifferentiated histology or elevated serum ferritin." 01/01/2018 - "Therapy has the potential to not only ameliorate hyperferritinemia but to also normalize the serum TNF-α concentration in GD1." 12/01/2012 - "Ninety percent of elevated serum ferritin is due to noniron overload conditions, where venesection therapy is not the treatment of choice. " 12/01/2002 - "Her skin lesions gradually disappeared in response to conventional AOSD therapy, as elevated serum ferritin levels, an index of disease activity, decreased. " 07/01/1995 - "Hyperferritinemia (> 10,000 ng/ml) was present in all (range 34,976 to 425,984 ng/mL) and showed a decrease in the two patients who responded to therapy. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 01/01/2021 - "This study aims to investigate the influence of transfusions, hemodialysis, and ECLS on hyperferritinemia in a multidisciplinary ICU cohort. " 07/01/2014 - "Our study included ten subjects on regular hemodialysis with elevated serum ferritin. " 07/01/2009 - "Volatility of elevated serum ferritin in anemic hemodialysis patients." 01/01/2007 - "Hyperferritinemia has been associated with cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. " 01/01/2020 - "We aimed to elucidate whether past hyperferritinemia in hemodialysis patients was associated with high risk of death and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (CCVDs). "
3.	Catheters 01/01/1995 - "In multivariate analysis three parameters were found to be significant and independent risk factors for bacterial infection: previous history of bacterial infection (at least one versus no previous episode), type of angioaccess device (catheter versus native fistula), and elevated serum ferritin level (greater versus lower than 500 micrograms/l). " 10/01/1999 - "In studies that control for important covariates such as use of catheters and previous infections, the infectious risk associated with iron administration or elevated serum ferritin levels is reduced or eliminated. "
4.	Plasma Exchange 01/01/2019 - "Severe Yellow Fever and Extreme Hyperferritinemia Managed with Therapeutic Plasma Exchange." 12/12/2012 - "Children with hyperferritinemia and secondary HLH/sepsis/MODS/MAS can be successfully treated with plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and methylprednisone. " 01/01/2018 - "Herein we report a case of chronic perforinopathy in which clinical symptoms started with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and severe macrophage activation syndrome that needed plasma exchange and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during acute period and ongoing interleukin-1 blockage for sustained hyperferritinemia." 06/01/2014 - "Plasma exchange, methylprednisolone, IV immune globulin, and now anakinra support continued PICU equipoise in management of hyperferritinemia-associated sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome/macrophage activation syndrome/secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome*." 12/12/2012 - "We conducted a multi-center cohort study of children in Turkish Pediatric Intensive Care units with hyperferritinemia associated secondary HLH/sepsis/MODS/MAS treated with less immunosuppression (plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin or methyl prednisolone) or with the primary HLH protocol (plasma exchange and dexamethasone or cyclosporine A and/or etoposide). "
5.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 01/01/2020 - "Hyperferritinemia is constant during intensive care stay: however, its dosage might be helpful in individuating patients developing haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. " 11/01/2011 - "To determine whether an elevated serum ferritin level is independently associated with mortality and receipt of critical care in pediatric patients. " 01/01/2022 - "Knowledge of the incidence and pathophysiological implications of hyperferritinemia in patients with acute infection admitted to a non-intensive care setting is limited. " 01/01/2020 - "Critical care patients (≥ 18 yr old) admitted to any of the adult ICUs at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin between January 2006 and August 2018 with at least one ferritin value and hyperferritinemia (≥ 500 µg/L). "