Reinfection

01/01/2023 - "Applying our method to the analysis of the M72/AS01E vaccine trial -conducted on IGRA+ individuals- as a case study, we found that most plausible models for this vaccine needed to include protection against, at least, two over the three possible routes to active TB classically considered in the literature: namely, primary TB, latent TB reactivation and TB upon re-infection. "
06/30/2022 - "Despite the stunning speed with which highly effective and safe vaccines have been developed, the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 causes high rates of (re)infection, a major impact on health care services, and a slowdown to the socio-economic system. "
12/01/2021 - "These problems include the various mutations, the emergence of variants with high transmissibility, the short period of immunity against the virus, the possibility of reinfection in people improved, lack of specific drugs, and problems in the development of highly sensitive and specific vaccines. "
12/01/2020 - "The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection."
01/01/2022 - "Serostudies are important resources when following pandemics and predicting their further spread, as well as determining the length of protection against reinfection and vaccine development. "

04/01/2004 - "Our findings suggest that NT antibodies play an important role in reducing the severity of illness as well as in protection from RSV reinfection."
02/01/1991 - "Thus, our results demonstrate the abilities of both anti-HBs and anti-preS(21-41) to block the attachment of complete HBV particles to HepG2 cells, suggesting that these antibodies should be virus neutralizing and would be expected to confer protection against reinfection."
01/01/2021 - "Further studies are required to determine the longevity and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and whether they are protective against re-infection."
05/01/2022 - "The preformed antibodies were protective against reinfection. "
04/01/2021 - "It is not known to what extent the natural production of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is protective against re-infection. "

12/20/2016 - "Despite the opportunity for bacterial killing to enhance the development of adaptive immunity, patients treated successfully with antibiotics can suffer from reinfection. "
01/01/2015 - "Finally, even though these patients are clinically improved, keeping on with oral antibiotic treatment for additional 2-3 weeks will be also vital for successfully preventing hvKP reinfection or relapse. "
05/01/2008 - "Although antibiotics are effective in treating active cases of the illness, they do not prevent re-infection, which occurs with high frequency in susceptible populations. "
09/01/2013 - "Antibiotics, which are standard initial treatment, are less effective for treating refractory or recurrent infection. "
01/01/2023 - "Future randomized studies should seek to examine the efficacy of different durations of oral antibiotics to reduce reinfection. "

01/01/2021 - "However, antigen-specific T cell responses are emerging as a crucial mechanism for both clearance of the virus and as the most likely route to long-lasting immune memory that would protect against re-infection. "
07/01/2008 - "Helped memory CD8+ T cells rapidly expand in response to a secondary antigen exposure, even in the absence of T cell help and, are most efficient in protection against a re-infection. "
11/01/2013 - "Adaptive immunity, which is important in conferring protection against subsequent reinfections, involves subtypes of T and B lymphocytes that mediate antigen-specific immune responses. "
01/01/2021 - "Although the relative difference between the Nr2f6+/+ and Nr2f6-/- OT-I memory compartment declines over time, Nr2f6-deficient OT-I memory T cells mount significantly enhanced IFN-γ responses upon reinfection with increased clonal expansion and improved host antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. "
06/21/1999 - "major antigen protective against reinfection. "

11/01/2021 - "Neutralizing antibody responses are the best available correlate of protection against re-infection. "
09/01/2015 - "However, studies show that serum neutralizing antibodies are insufficient for complete protection against reinfection and that adaptive T cell immunity is important for viral clearance. "
01/01/2022 - "Neutralizing antibodies are important for protection against the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus, and long-term memory responses determine the risk of re-infection or boosting after vaccination. "
08/01/2021 - "Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are important for protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection. "
03/01/1998 - "Such neutralizing antibodies play an important role in protection against reinfection. "

01/01/2017 - "In spite of the improved cure rates obtained with the new direct-acting antiviral drug (DAA) combinations, the high rate of reinfection within this population calls urgently for novel preventive interventions. "
01/01/2011 - "HCV antiviral treatment is effective, and deemed cost-effective for those with no re-infection risk. "
01/01/1998 - "The preoperative diagnosis, determination of recurrent infection, and the assessment of antiviral therapeutic efficacy are dependent on appropriate virological testing. "
01/01/2023 - "These results may indicate that the antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses generated by original strains could not be sufficient for clearance of variants in either newly or reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. "
11/14/2022 - "Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection Following Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment in the Prison Setting: The SToP-C Study."

06/23/2020 - "As patients with XLA have complete immunoglobulin defects and develop severe and recurrent infections, early diagnosis would be beneficial for the improvement of their quality of life. "
01/01/1987 - "Furthermore, this increase in sensitivity has enabled us to reliably detect rhinovirus specific immunoglobulins in unconcentrated nasal washings, which are thought to be particularly important for protection against rhinovirus reinfection. "
01/01/2019 - "In the two major studies, approximately 4%-5% of BCTT-treated patients required immunoglobulin replacement due to recurrent infections in the context of hypogammaglobulinaemia. "
12/01/1979 - "[Studies on the rule of secretory immunoglobulin in the recurrent infection with herpes simplex virus]."
02/01/1975 - "These studies indicate that patients with paraproteinaemia have immunological abnormalities in addition to low immunoglobulin levels and suggest that these abnormalities may be involved in the pathogenesis of the recurrent infections commonly associated with this disease."

01/01/2019 - "Preexisting antibody and high IgG avidity index (>50%) are important factors for protection against HEV reinfection. "
10/29/2021 - "Among those who seroconverted, using Bayesian linear mixed models, the estimated anti-spike IgG peak level was 7.3-fold higher than the level previously associated with 50% protection against reinfection, with higher peak levels in older participants and those of non-white ethnicity. "
01/01/1992 - "To study the relationship between serum IgG subclass deficiency and clinical host defense impairment, we reviewed the clinical and immunologic features of 123 patients with a history of recurrent infection who had been examined for immunodeficiency in our laboratory (group 1). "
08/01/2023 - "High N-IgG titers, Omicron-N-Ab activity, and S-specific-T-cell responses were all associated with a reduced likelihood of (re)infection over time. "
04/01/2023 - "Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection in anti-nucleocapsid IgG-positive healthcare workers: a prospective cohort study."

11/01/2013 - "This phenomenon could be explained by extremely rapid re-infection dynamics or a sub-optimal efficacy of praziquantel against S. "
03/01/2022 - "Mono-therapeutic treatment of this disease with the drug praziquantel, presents challenges such as inactivity against immature worms and inability to prevent reinfection. "
06/01/2014 - "The drug of choice for treatment, praziquantel, is effective in killing adult worms but fails to kill immature forms and prevent reinfection. "
01/01/2022 - "Despite being cheap, safe, and effective against all schistosome species, praziquantel is ineffective against immature worms, which may lead to reinfections and treatment failure in endemic areas; a situation that necessitates repeated administration besides other limitations. "
01/01/2019 - "Prevalence and Reinfection Rates of Schistosoma mansoni and Praziquantel Efficacy against the Parasite among Primary School Children in Sanja Town, Northwest Ethiopia."

01/01/2023 - "Low-dose HBIG (1560 IU) × 4 days and NA, for HBcAb positive recipients and HBcAb positive donors, appear to be effective in preventing HBV reinfection during the post-LT period. "
02/01/2013 - "In conclusion, SC HBIG for long-term prophylaxis of post-LT HBV reinfection resulted safe, well accepted, and effective in maintaining adequate anti-HBs levels."
01/01/2021 - "The recurrence of HBV was 25% and did not differ between the groups of standard reinfection prophylaxis NA/HBIG (21.1%) and HBIG discontinuation (29.4%); (p = 0.56). "
08/01/2020 - "We evaluated reinfection rate, histological changes, and outcome associated with HBIG discontinuation. "
01/01/2014 - "Of the 50 patients, 24 discontinued HBIG without any HBV graft reinfection during a follow-up period of 26.13 ± 7.05 months. "

08/01/1997 - "Local studies must determine the best eradication therapy for a particular geographical location, and longer follow-up of eradicated patients is needed to determine the true reinfection rate."
05/03/2023 - "Across countries and specialties, physicians estimated 16-43% of patients did not receive complete relief from initial therapy and 33-37% had recurrent infections. "
01/01/2016 - "Among HIV-infected individuals on ART in high incidence settings, the durability of this protection will be limited because of continued risk of reinfection, and continuous preventive therapy together with improved infection control efforts will be required to provide long-term protection against TB."
11/01/2013 - "It has also been shown that VAC therapy is correlated with a statistically significant reduction in reinfection rates, particularly those that occur in the early postoperative period (at the 1-week follow-up). "
02/01/2011 - "In contrast in high burden countries, preventive therapy though effective in preventing occurrence of disease among infected, can not prevent re-infection--an event of fairly high occurrence in these settings. "

04/06/1991 - "Long-term passive anti-HBV immunoprophylaxis significantly reduced HBV reinfection and improved survival in patients without evidence of active HBV replication before orthotopic liver transplantation."
09/01/1996 - "In combination with the automated IMx(TM)-system the new amplification technique may be routinely used for screening for HBV in whole blood samples and thus may help to better evaluate the risk of HBV reinfection in liver transplant recipients."
03/01/2006 - "Passive immunotherapy is potentially effective in preventing reinfection of liver grafts in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated liver transplant patients. "
10/01/2015 - "Re-infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs rapidly after liver transplantation (LT), and spontaneous clearance of HCV is rare under immunosuppressive conditions. "
10/01/2012 - "To provide a basis for improved prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) re-infection after liver transplantation, variations in the S and P genes of HBV under immunosuppression in vitro and their association with patient prognosis were investigated. "

03/01/1989 - "Hardly any reinfection occurred in adults in Bulinga and Maramvya; in Bulamata, half of the cured adults were reinfected, most of them lightly, 2 years after treatment. "
11/12/2020 - "Moreover, the re-infection rate of these parasites among those who were cured was determined 1 year after treatment. "
06/12/2018 - "However, in the absence of access to clean water, improved sanitation, and adequate hygiene, reinfection after treatment can occur rapidly. "
01/01/2023 - "There were 32 (12.0%) reinfections (30 CT and 2 NG) after treatment of an index diagnosis of CT or NG within the six-month study period. "
12/01/2019 - "This study addresses an urgent need for timely and accurate information on optimal models of care to promote HCV treatment initiation, adherence, treatment completion and SVR among PWID, as well as rates and factors associated with reinfection and resistance after treatment. "

01/01/2013 - "Donor faecal microbiota transplantation is a very effective treatment for second and recurrent infection but is time-consuming and requires careful screening of donors. "
12/01/2011 - "Unfortunately, HCV is not eliminated by transplantation and graft re-infection is the rule, resulting in HCV-related graft disease. "
11/01/1998 - "Many studies have suggested that recurrent infection with HCV is universal after transplantation. "
01/01/2022 - "Liver biopsies (LB), obtained routinely 6 months after transplantation, represent a unique model to assess the early events related to graft re-infection. "
01/01/2020 - "This enlarges the pool of memory CD8+ T cells and increases their capacity to expand after re-infection in serial re-transplantation experiments. "

12/01/1990 - "The comparatie efficacy of various interval mass chemotherapy schemes was evaluated through 2 year observations, and it was confirmed that at least biannual mass chemotherapy is necessitated to expect gradual lowering of reinfection. "
10/01/1975 - "If chemotherapy has to be given, usually because of severe and recurrent infections, then prompt and prolonged remission of disease may occur."
09/01/2007 - "The study presents an interactive descriptive tool (MONRATE) for calculating and predicting reinfection rates and time of Ascaris lumbricoides following mass chemotherapy. "
12/01/1980 - "4. When the blanket mass chemotherapy was continued 18 times in Group A, all of the examined inhabitants were free from reinfection and egg production from 28th month (the 15th treatment) until the end of study period, for 8 months. "
06/01/1979 - "This study was undertaken to estimate the reinfection incidence of Ascaris lumbricoides after biannual blanket mass chemotherapy and to figure out the characteristic seasonal fluctuation pattern in a Korean rural village. "