Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

A form of chorioretinitis characterized by multiple small, cream-colored LESIONS, symmetrically scattered mainly around the OPTIC DISK. These lesions are the most distinctive sign and often appear at the level of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM but, on occasion, suggest an even deeper infiltration and may ultimately lead to visual loss. An association with HLA-A29 antigen (see HLA-A ANTIGENS) has been observed in nearly all patients.

Also Known As:

Networked: 178 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Macular Edema
2.	Uveitis
3.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
4.	Scleritis (Episcleritis)
5.	Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Maculopathy)

Experts

1.	Foster, C Stephen: 12 articles (01/2022 - 08/2002)
2.	Herbort, Carl P: 8 articles (03/2022 - 11/2012)
3.	Goldstein, Debra A: 8 articles (01/2022 - 04/2011)
4.	Monnet, Dominique: 6 articles (11/2021 - 09/2005)
5.	Rothova, Aniki: 6 articles (11/2019 - 06/2011)
6.	Brézin, Antoine P: 5 articles (12/2011 - 09/2005)
7.	Chiquet, Christophe: 4 articles (07/2022 - 05/2010)
8.	Jabs, Douglas A: 4 articles (01/2022 - 07/2005)
9.	Pavesio, Carlos: 4 articles (01/2022 - 01/2018)
10.	Thorne, Jennifer E: 4 articles (01/2022 - 07/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Birdshot Chorioretinopathy:

1.	Fluocinolone Acetonide (Capex)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2014 - "Safety and efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (0.59 mg) in birdshot retinochoroidopathy." 01/01/2022 - "CHOROIDAL LESIONS UNRESPONSIVE TO FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT IN BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINOPATHY." 01/01/2022 - "Evaluation of fluocinolone acetonide 0.19 mg intravitreal implant in the management of birdshot retinochoroiditis." 04/01/2011 - "To evaluate outcomes in birdshot chorioretinopathy following intravitreal implantation of a fluocinolone acetonide-containing drug delivery device. " 04/01/2011 - "Outcomes of birdshot chorioretinopathy treated with an intravitreal sustained-release fluocinolone acetonide-containing device."
2.	tocilizumab (atlizumab)FDA Link 10/01/2017 - "To evaluate tocilizumab (TCZ) efficacy in severe and refractory birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). " 10/01/2017 - "Efficacy of Anti-IL6-Receptor Tocilizumab in Refractory Cystoid Macular Edema of Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy Report of Two Cases and Literature Review." 07/01/2014 - "Eight consecutive unselected patients with severe and refractory non-infectious uveitis [Birdshot chorioretinopathy (n=1), Behçet's disease (n=1) and idiopathic bilateral panuveitis (n=6)] treated with tocilizumab (8mg/kg every 4 weeks intravenously) were included. " 03/01/2018 - "In this report, we show that tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 agent, greatly improved two patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy refractory to conventional immunosuppressive drugs, interferon α2a, and anti-TNFα agents. "
3.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 05/01/2021 - "The main results of our study suggest a retinal rather than choroidal origin of the degradation of visual function in birdshot chorioretinopathy." 12/01/2016 - "To study outer retinal deterioration in relation to clinical disease activity in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy using fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). " 09/18/2023 - "To describe the retinal vascular changes in birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare them with changes in macular thickness. " 07/01/2022 - "Correction to: Relationship between changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by SD-OCT and changes in visual field parameters in birdshot chorioretinopathy." 01/01/2022 - "Outer Retinal Disruption in Early-Onset Birdshot Chorioretinopathy."
4.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2022 - "Treatment Outcomes in Birdshot Chorioretinitis: Corticosteroid Sparing, Corticosteroid Discontinuation, Remission, and Relapse." 01/01/2016 - "The present study describes anatomical changes of the retina and alterations in choroidal thickness and vasculature on sequential spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in 4 patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy treated with local corticosteroids. " 12/01/2006 - "Various therapeutic regimens have been tested and most studies confirm that corticosteroids alone are not a sustainable treatment for patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. " 08/14/2023 - "To report the progression of patients diagnosed with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) initially treated with corticosteroids. " 08/14/2023 - "Long-Term Outcomes of Birdshot Chorioretinopathy Treated with Corticosteroids: A Case Reports."
5.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2018 - "To evaluate the long-term efficacy of the 0.70 mg dexamethasone (DEX) intravitreal implant in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). " 01/01/2018 - "Dexamethasone implantation in birdshot chorioretinopathy - long-term outcome." 12/01/2017 - "Intravitreal dexamethasone implant can be an effective alternative in the management of birdshot chorioretinopathy." 12/01/2017 - "Three patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (6 eyes) were seen from 2013 to 2015 and managed with dexamethasone intravitreal implant; there was an average of 6 months between implants. " 12/01/2017 - "This article reports a case series of patients with HLA-A29+ birdshot chorioretinopathy managed with intravitreal dexamethasone implants. "
6.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 01/01/2002 - "To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the treatment of Birdshot retinochoroiditis. " 01/01/2002 - "[Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Birdshot retinochoroiditis]." 05/01/2000 - "Intravenous immunoglobulins can reduce inflammatory phenomena, providing an interesting alternative for the treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy." 03/01/2000 - "Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for the treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy."
7.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2017 - "Efficacy of Methylprednisolone Pulse Followed by Oral Prednisone in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy." 01/01/2022 - "Choroidal lesions responded to oral prednisone despite bilateral active fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in a birdshot chorioretinopathy patient." 10/01/2017 - "To report the outcomes of initial methylprednisolone pulse then oral prednisone in the treatment of birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). "
8.	Infliximab (Remicade)FDA Link 03/01/2013 - "Twenty-two refractory birdshot retinochoroidopathy patients (44 eyes) who received infliximab between July 2005 and June 2012 were identified by retrospective chart review. " 03/01/2013 - "Infliximab treatment of patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy." 03/01/2013 - "To report the outcomes of infliximab treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy (BSRC) refractory to conventional immunomodulatory therapy. " 04/01/2007 - "Infliximab was also beneficial in small numbers of patients with idiopathic uveitis or scleritis, birdshot retinochoroiditis, uveitic and diabetic cystoid macular edema, and age-related macular degeneration. "
9.	Bevacizumab (Avastin)FDA Link 01/01/2013 - "Treatment of cystoid macular edema in a patient with birdshot chorioretinopathy with bevacizumab." 01/01/2013 - "In a patient with birdshot chorioretinopathy and juxtaposed cystoid macular edema, the authors assessed the efficacy of bevacizumab for treatment after systemic therapy had failed. " 01/01/2013 - "Bevacizumab monotherapy may improve visual acuity with resolution of macular edema in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy that is refractory to traditional systemic therapy." 01/01/2009 - "To describe a patient with birdshot retinochoroidopathy (BRC) with bilateral choroidal neovascularization (CNV) who was treated with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and antiinflammatory medications. " 01/01/2009 - "Bilateral choroidal neovascularization in birdshot retinochoroidopathy treated with intravitreal injections of triamcinolone and bevacizumab."
10.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2018 - "Safety profile and efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis: a retrospective case series review." 01/01/2018 - "Evaluation of the use of tacrolimus in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) at a tertiary referral centre with the aim to describe its safety and efficacy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 08/01/2017 - "Evolution of choroidal thickness over time and effect of early and sustained therapy in birdshot retinochoroiditis." 01/01/2008 - "To describe the prevalence and incidence of loss of visual field among patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) and to describe the effect of therapy on such field loss in these patients. " 07/01/2005 - "To describe the incidence of vision loss and of ocular complications attributable to birdshot retinochoroidopathy and to describe the association between therapy and the incidence thereof. " 05/01/2002 - "Even though Birdshot retinochoroidopathy is a rare pathology in Southern Europe, the cases presented allowed us to conclude that early diagnosis and appropriate therapy greatly improve the well being of these patients (Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2002; 77: 247-256)." 08/01/2014 - "Birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR) is a bilateral posterior uveitis that typically requires aggressive therapy to prevent loss of vision. "
2.	Immunomodulation 01/01/2021 - "Dilated ophthalmic examination and multimodal imaging were strongly suggestive of birdshot chorioretinopathy, meriting initiation of systemic immunomodulatory therapy. " 01/01/2019 - "Purpose: To review early withdrawal of immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) for birdshot retinochoroidopathy (BSRC). " 08/17/2020 - "Long-term outcomes of systemic corticosteroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy for Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy." 11/01/2019 - "The results suggest that adalimumab is effective at improving visual acuity and at tapering concomitant immunomodulatory therapy, in patients with refractory birdshot chorioretinopathy. " 01/01/2019 - "Outcomes of "Early" Withdrawal of Corticosteroid Sparing Immunomodulatory Therapy for Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy."
3.	Lasers (Laser) 10/01/2017 - "Visualization of Photoreceptors in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy: A Pilot Study." 01/01/1997 - "Seven patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy had ICG angiography performed with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope at various stages of clinical disease. " 11/01/2016 - "Cross-sectional retrospective review of patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR; 42 eyes of 21 patients) or active primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL; 18 eyes of 10 patients) who had multispectral wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Optos) images. " 10/01/2000 - "To measure the retinal thickness in the macular area and at the typical fundus spots in a patient with birdshot retinochoroidopathy, using the retinal thickness analyzer (RTA), a new image analyzer involving laser-slit biomicroscopy, and to quantify the changes after systemic corticosteroid therapy. "
4.	Injections 09/01/2015 - "We report a 57-year-old patient with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR) who was treated with bilateral Ozurdex injections. " 01/01/2016 - "A retrospective observational case series identified 4 consecutive patients (8 eyes) at New England Eye Center, Boston diagnosed with birdshot chorioretinopathy according to the research criteria of the international consensus conference that were managed by a single retina specialist and treated exclusively with local corticosteroid therapy (intravitreal/sub-tenon injections) without systemic immunosuppression. " 10/23/2023 - "Here we report for the first time the long-term outcomes of anti-VEGF injections on fovea-involving cystoid macular edema in Birdshot chorioretinopathy to keep steroid at the minimal possible doses and preserve a satisfying visual acuity level."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/2000 - "Birdshot retinochoroidopathy: measurement of the posterior fundus spots and macular edema using a retinal thickness analyzer, before and after treatment." 06/01/2005 - "To characterise patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR) clinically and electrophysiologically in order to monitor changes in retinal function before and after treatment with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppression. "