Protein-Arginine Deiminases

A family of ENZYMES that, in the presence of calcium ion, converts ARGININE to CITRULLINE in proteins. There are five PAD isotypes in mammals. In humans: they include PAD1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. They are encoded by five paralogous genes named PADI and clustered on human chromosome 1.

Also Known As:

Peptidylarginine Deiminase; Peptidylarginine Deiminases; Protein-Arginine Deiminase; Protein-L-Arginine Iminohydrolase; Protein-L-Arginine Iminohydrolases; Deiminase, Peptidylarginine; Deiminase, Protein-Arginine; Deiminases, Peptidylarginine; Deiminases, Protein-Arginine; Iminohydrolase, Protein-L-Arginine; Iminohydrolases, Protein-L-Arginine; Protein Arginine Deiminase; Protein Arginine Deiminases; Protein L Arginine Iminohydrolase; Protein L Arginine Iminohydrolases

Networked: 285 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 29 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Enzymes and Coenzymes: 1
- Enzymes: 152586
  - Hydrolases: 2166
    - Protein-Arginine Deiminases: 285

Experts

1.	Thompson, Paul R: 29 articles (01/2021 - 09/2009)
2.	Causey, Corey P: 12 articles (11/2015 - 09/2009)
3.	Lange, Sigrun: 11 articles (04/2022 - 01/2015)
4.	Darrah, Erika: 11 articles (01/2022 - 01/2012)
5.	Shelef, Miriam A: 11 articles (01/2022 - 06/2014)
6.	Ishigami, Akihito: 11 articles (11/2019 - 04/2005)
7.	Coonrod, Scott A: 10 articles (10/2019 - 01/2012)
8.	Alam, Hasan B: 9 articles (05/2021 - 08/2014)
9.	Li, Yongqing: 9 articles (05/2021 - 08/2014)
10.	Damgaard, Dres: 9 articles (01/2021 - 03/2014)

Related Diseases

1.	Rheumatoid Arthritis 01/01/2018 - "Many studies have analyzed the association between peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) -104C/T polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). " 08/17/2017 - "Many studies have evaluated the correlation between peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) -92C/G polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the results remain inconclusive. " 04/01/2016 - "The objective of the study was to determine by meta-analysis whether polymorphisms of the gene encoding peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). " 03/31/2016 - "Although a number of studies have been conducted on the association between the peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI4) -94G/A polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Chinese population, the association remains elusive and controversial. " 11/01/2015 - "Defining the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) in rheumatoid arthritis through the study of PPAD biology."
2.	Experimental Arthritis 11/01/2016 - "In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminases activity in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model significantly reduces NET formation, attenuates clinical disease activity, and prevents joint destruction. " 12/01/2019 - "Here, we demonstrate that macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and synovial ectopic lymphoid-like structures (ELSs) express peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA) and synovial biopsies from RA patients. " 01/01/2014 - "Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase, a key contributor in the pathogenesis of experimental periodontal disease and experimental arthritis." 04/01/2011 - "N-α-benzoyl-N5-(2-chloro-1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine amide, a protein arginine deiminase inhibitor, reduces the severity of murine collagen-induced arthritis." 06/01/2014 - "Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 in the synovium of collagen-induced arthritis rats."
3.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer) 06/01/2021 - "Peptidylarginine deiminase 1 (PADI1) has been reported to promote tumorigenesis in breast cancer. " 10/10/2019 - "We first tested whether peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) may be involved in tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer cells. " 01/01/2019 - "Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 overexpression resensitizes MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cells to adriamycin via GSK3β/p53 activation." 05/20/2015 - "We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. " 10/30/2012 - "We have recently reported that the expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) is regulated by EGF in mammary cancer cells and appears to play a role in the proliferation of normal mammary epithelium; however, the role of PADI2 in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer has yet to be investigated. "
4.	Central Nervous System Diseases (CNS Diseases) 11/01/2023 - "Role of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 in Central Nervous System Diseases." 05/01/2021 - "Peptidylarginine deiminases and extracellular vesicles: prospective drug targets and biomarkers in central nervous system diseases and repair." 05/01/2021 - "Both peptidylarginine deiminases and extracellular vesicles are linked to a number of pathologies, including in the central nervous system, and their modulation with pharmacological peptidylarginine deiminase inhibitors have shown great promise in several in vitro and in vivo central nervous system disease models. " 11/01/2023 - "The abnormal expression and activation of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 is an important pathological mechanism for the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, and glioblastoma."
5.	Septic Shock (Toxic Shock Syndrome) 10/01/2018 - "The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) concentration and its polymorphisms with mortality in patients with septic shock. " 10/01/2018 - "Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 concentration, but not PADI4 polymorphisms, is associated with ICU mortality in septic shock patients." 11/01/2021 - "To further confirm the role of NETs in sepsis-induced intestinal injury, we compared peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice in a lethal septic shock model. " 10/31/2022 - "Protein arginine deiminases (PAD) mediate histone citrullination and NET formation that, in turn, exacerbate endotoxin shock damages. " 11/01/2020 - "The aim of this study is to evaluate the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD 4) concentration and PADI4 polymorphisms as predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI) development, the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality in patients with septic shock. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Protein-Arginine Deiminases
2.	Enzymes
3.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)
4.	Tamoxifen
5.	Amines
6.	Amides
7.	Docetaxel (Taxotere)
8.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
9.	Autoantibodies
10.	N- alpha- benzoyl- N5- (2- chloro- 1- iminoethyl)- L- ornithine amide

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Punctures
2.	Ligation
3.	Renal Replacement Therapy (Therapies, Renal Replacement)
4.	Precision Medicine
5.	Transplantation