Apelin

A 77 amino acid secreted endogenous ligand for the angiotensin II receptor-like 1 protein (APELIN RECEPTOR) that is proteolytically cleaved into four smaller peptides: Apelin-36, Apelin-31, Apelin-28, and Apelin-13. It inhibits entry of HIV into cells that express both APJ and CD4 ANTIGEN and is highly expressed in breast milk, where it may modulate the neonatal immune response.

Networked: 1161 relevant articles (80 outcomes, 356 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Valet, Philippe: 34 articles (05/2022 - 04/2005)
2.	Chen, Linxi: 26 articles (01/2022 - 07/2013)
3.	Li, Lanfang: 18 articles (01/2022 - 09/2012)
4.	Quertermous, Thomas: 16 articles (01/2020 - 09/2003)
5.	Davenport, Anthony P: 15 articles (12/2022 - 08/2002)
6.	Maguire, Janet J: 15 articles (12/2022 - 08/2002)
7.	Castan-Laurell, Isabelle: 15 articles (01/2020 - 04/2005)
8.	Knauf, Claude: 14 articles (01/2019 - 11/2008)
9.	Dray, Cédric: 12 articles (11/2021 - 12/2005)
10.	Llorens-Cortes, Catherine: 11 articles (11/2022 - 09/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Insulin Resistance 01/01/2018 - "A slight increase in ΔGIR was observed with the low apelin dose (0.65 ± 0.71 mg/kg/min, P = .055) whereas the highest dose significantly improved insulin sensitivity (0.82 ± 0.71 mg/kg/min, P = .033). " 01/01/2013 - "All interventions led to significantly reduced apelin serum concentrations which significantly correlate with improved insulin sensitivity, independently of changes in BMI. " 08/01/2014 - "Adipocyte-secreted apelin contributes to decreased adiposity and to improved insulin resistance, but the mechanisms remain unknown. " 02/01/2012 - "Both acute and chronic apelin treatment have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in mice. " 01/01/2010 - "Administration of apelin to APKO and db/db mice resulted in improved insulin sensitivity. "
2.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis) 01/01/2020 - "The protective effects of apelin from fibrotic remodeling were mediated by suppression of Smad2-dependent fibrosis. " 01/01/2023 - "In this study, we found that apelin and FGFR1 were spatially close to each other and that the apelin and FGFR1 complex displayed inhibitory effects on TGFβ/Smad signaling as well as associated EndMT in diabetic kidney fibrosis. " 01/01/2020 - "In the present study, we examined the effect of apelin on the suppression of atrial fibrosis and subsequent AF, and investigated its underlying mechanisms. " 05/30/2019 - " study aims to determine whether apelin is associated with myocardial fibrosis in HCM and investigate the predictive values of apelin for myocardial fibrosis in HCM.One" 05/01/2016 - "However, the role of apelin-APJ in organ fibrosis remains controversial due to conflicting study results. "
3.	Heart Failure 03/01/2021 - "This study aimed to investigate whether inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated the ameliorative effect of apelin on acute heart failure (AHF). " 06/01/2015 - "The apelin-APJ system is a novel neurohormonal pathway, with studies to date suggesting that it may be of pathophysiologic relevance in heart failure and may indeed be a viable therapeutic target in this syndrome. " 07/01/2010 - "To date, both preclinical and limited clinical studies suggest that the apelin--APJ system may have an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. " 04/27/2010 - "The study objectives were to establish the effects of acute apelin administration on peripheral, cardiac, and systemic hemodynamic variables in healthy volunteers and patients with heart failure. " 01/01/2010 - "Our previous study demonstrated that apelin level increased significantly after the treatment of intracoronary implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), followed by the improvement of cardiac function in patients with severe ischemic heart failure. "
4.	Reperfusion Injury 02/07/2008 - "We then proceeded to test the hypothesis that treatment with exogenous apelin is protective against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. " 01/01/2020 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Apelin and aerobic exercise on reducing the severity of Ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. " 02/07/2008 - "The aim of the present studies was to explore potential roles of the apelin/APJ system in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. " 12/20/2020 - "Apelin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic myocardium via inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress through PI3K and p38-MAPK signaling pathways." 01/01/2020 - "Activation of Nrf2 Signaling by Apelin Attenuates Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Diabetic Rats."
5.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) 08/15/2006 - "Long-term swimming training relieved the pathogenesis of hypertension and reversed the downregulation of the cardiovascular apelin/APJ system induced by hypertension, which suggests that the improving effect of exercise training on hypertension could be mediated by upregulating the cardiovascular apelin/APJ system." 01/01/2022 - "Apelin as a Candidate for Hypertension Management; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Animal Studies." 01/01/2019 - "Recent studies have investigated the association of apelin polymorphisms and hypertension risk, but no meta-analysis has been conducted. " 12/01/2018 - "This study analyzed the interaction between APJ and kappa OPRs (KOR) in cardiac responsiveness to apelin in acute reno-vascular hypertension (2K1C). " 08/30/2018 - "To explore the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension, our study investigated the gender-specific association between four polymorphisms in the Apelin/APJ gene and hypertension risk in southeastern Chinese population. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Peptides (Polypeptides)
2.	Insulin (Novolin)
3.	Apelin Receptors
4.	Glucose (Dextrose)
5.	Sirtuin 3
6.	Adipokines
7.	Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
8.	Ligands
9.	Therapeutic Uses
10.	Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III (Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Cell Transplantation
4.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
5.	Surgical Instruments (Clip)