Tertiary Lymphoid Structures

Aggregates of immune cells formed near the sites of chronically inflamed, infected, or tumorous tissues.

Also Known As:

Ectopic Lymph Nodes; Ectopic Lymphoid Follicles; Ectopic Lymphoid Formations; Ectopic Lymphoid Organs; Ectopic Lymphoid Tissues; Ectopic Lymphoid-Like Structures; Ectopic Lymph Node; Ectopic Lymphoid Follicle; Ectopic Lymphoid Formation; Ectopic Lymphoid Like Structures; Ectopic Lymphoid Organ; Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue; Ectopic Lymphoid-Like Structure; Lymph Node, Ectopic; Lymph Nodes, Ectopic; Lymphoid Follicle, Ectopic; Lymphoid Follicles, Ectopic; Lymphoid Formation, Ectopic; Lymphoid Formations, Ectopic; Lymphoid Organ, Ectopic; Lymphoid Organs, Ectopic; Lymphoid Structure, Tertiary; Lymphoid Structures, Tertiary; Lymphoid Tissue, Ectopic; Lymphoid Tissues, Ectopic; Lymphoid-Like Structure, Ectopic; Lymphoid-Like Structures, Ectopic; Tertiary Lymphoid Structure

Networked: 350 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 19 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Melanoma (Melanoma, Malignant)
3.	Microsatellite Instability
4.	Stroke (Strokes)
5.	Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma)

Experts

1.	Sautès-Fridman, Catherine: 9 articles (01/2022 - 03/2011)
2.	Dieu-Nosjean, Marie-Caroline: 8 articles (01/2022 - 03/2011)
3.	Petitprez, Florent: 6 articles (01/2022 - 01/2019)
4.	Willard-Gallo, Karen: 6 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
5.	Bombardieri, Michele: 6 articles (01/2021 - 09/2010)
6.	Fridman, Wolf Herman: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2019)
7.	Garaud, Soizic: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
8.	Slingluff, Craig L: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2018)
9.	Pitzalis, Costantino: 5 articles (12/2019 - 09/2010)
10.	Lee, Pui Y: 5 articles (04/2013 - 04/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Tertiary Lymphoid Structures:

1.	Immune Checkpoint InhibitorsIBA 01/01/2022 - "Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) organise T-cells and B-cells within tumours to generate a local anti-tumour response and TLS presence associates with improved survival in response to immune checkpoint blockade, in late-stage disease. " 07/01/2023 - "We show that CXCL13 expression can predict the response to immune checkpoint blockade in GC patients, which may be related to its effects on tertiary lymphoid structures. " 10/27/2022 - "Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to have significant clinical activity in inflamed STS which are characterized by the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). " 01/01/2022 - "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced sarcoid-like reactions and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are increasingly recognized but rarely reported in the same patient. " 01/01/2021 - "PD-L1 and CD8+ infiltrate seem correlated to response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), but tertiary lymphoid structures have the best predictive value and have been validated prospectively. "
2.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 11/22/2023 - "Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Validated as Biomarker." 06/01/2023 - "Understanding these mechanisms may potentially lead to the development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers such as immune cell infiltration profiles and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) that associate with variable clinical outcomes depending on the nature of the novel immunotherapeutic approach. " 01/01/2023 - "The significant correlation of the risk score to gene signature of tertiary lymphoid structure also implicated the possible mechanism of this predictive biomarker. " 12/01/2022 - "We hypothesized that the following immune markers would be positive predictors of response: increased densities of CD103 + CD8 + T cells or Th1 lineage T-bet + T cells, high expression of CXCL9-11 and presence of tertiary lymphoid structures. " 01/01/2021 - "Several gene expression-based signatures surrogate of the activation of IFN-gamma pathway and of the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) have also been proposed as potential biomarkers. "
3.	B7-H1 AntigenIBA 01/01/2023 - "Furthermore, programmed death ligand 1 expression and the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are explored. " 01/01/2018 - "We hypothesized that they may be tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), and may be associated with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. " 01/01/2023 - "Multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was used for tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), while PD-L1 protein was detected by IHC. " 01/01/2023 - "Somatic mutation profiling, tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, tertiary lymphoid structures and PD-L1 protein expression in HER2-amplified colorectal cancer." 10/01/2019 - "Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the associations of CD8+ cell densities with pancreatic cancer-specific survival, adjusting for clinicopathologic and immune-related features, including tumor expressions of TP53, SMAD4, and the programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274, PD-L1) and the extent of tertiary lymphoid structures. "
4.	Chemokine CXCL13IBA 01/01/2018 - "In human inflammatory sites, PD-1hiCXCR5-CD4+ T cells are involved in the formation of ectopic lymphoid-like structures (ELSs) by the secretion of chemokine CXCL13, but how the transcription of CXCL13 is regulated in CD4+ T cells is still unclear. " 01/01/2023 - "Tumour-reactive T cells producing the B-cell attractant chemokine CXCL13, in solid tumours, promote development of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and are associated with improved prognosis and responsiveness to checkpoint immunotherapy. " 01/01/2023 - "The chemokine CXCL13 is known to influence local anti-tumor immunity by recruiting immune cells and forming tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). " 01/01/2019 - "The chemokine CXCL13 mediates recruitment of B cells to tumors and is essential for the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). " 12/30/2009 - "The chemokine CXCL13 is known to dictate homing and motility of B cells in lymphoid tissue and has been implicated in the formation of ectopic lymphoid tissue in chronic inflammation. "
5.	InterferonsIBA 12/01/2022 - "Therapy efficacy correlated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)-containing B cells and juxtaposed T cells-and with expression of an interferon-γ signature together with the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13. " 11/01/2023 - "Multiplatform immune profiling suggested that improved MPR rates in the durvalumab plus oleclumab and durvalumab plus monalizumab arms were associated with enhanced effector immune infiltration of tumors, interferon responses and markers of tertiary lymphoid structure formation, and systemic functional immune cell activation. " 01/01/2017 - "Higher MHC-II expression in tumor cells was associated with the absence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.042); larger amounts of TILs (p < 0.001); frequent formations of tertiary lymphoid structures (p < 0.001); higher expression of myxovirus resistance gene A, one of the main mediators of the interferon signaling pathway (p < 0.001); and higher expression of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, which can be induced by interferons (p = 0.008). " 01/01/2017 - "We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. "
6.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2020 - "Theses reviewed in this issue include "Advanced Imaging Technologies for Combined Biomedical Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging," "Engineering Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptors to Improve the Efficacy of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy," "Il-36 Gamma Promotes Anti-Tumor Immunity Through Therapeutic Induction of Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures," "Investigating the Role of Matrix Vesicles During Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Calcification," "Local Delivery of Cyclosporine and Erythropoietin Promotes Functional Recovery in a Rodent Model of Stroke Injury by Endogenous Tissue Repair," and "Targeting Primary Cilia-Mediated Mechanotransduction to Promote Whole Bone Formation.""
7.	Erythropoietin FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "Theses reviewed in this issue include "Advanced Imaging Technologies for Combined Biomedical Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging," "Engineering Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptors to Improve the Efficacy of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy," "Il-36 Gamma Promotes Anti-Tumor Immunity Through Therapeutic Induction of Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures," "Investigating the Role of Matrix Vesicles During Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Calcification," "Local Delivery of Cyclosporine and Erythropoietin Promotes Functional Recovery in a Rodent Model of Stroke Injury by Endogenous Tissue Repair," and "Targeting Primary Cilia-Mediated Mechanotransduction to Promote Whole Bone Formation.""
8.	Chimeric Antigen ReceptorsIBA 01/01/2020 - "Theses reviewed in this issue include "Advanced Imaging Technologies for Combined Biomedical Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging," "Engineering Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptors to Improve the Efficacy of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy," "Il-36 Gamma Promotes Anti-Tumor Immunity Through Therapeutic Induction of Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures," "Investigating the Role of Matrix Vesicles During Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Calcification," "Local Delivery of Cyclosporine and Erythropoietin Promotes Functional Recovery in a Rodent Model of Stroke Injury by Endogenous Tissue Repair," and "Targeting Primary Cilia-Mediated Mechanotransduction to Promote Whole Bone Formation.""
9.	monalizumabIBA 11/01/2023 - "Multiplatform immune profiling suggested that improved MPR rates in the durvalumab plus oleclumab and durvalumab plus monalizumab arms were associated with enhanced effector immune infiltration of tumors, interferon responses and markers of tertiary lymphoid structure formation, and systemic functional immune cell activation. "
10.	durvalumabIBA 11/01/2023 - "Multiplatform immune profiling suggested that improved MPR rates in the durvalumab plus oleclumab and durvalumab plus monalizumab arms were associated with enhanced effector immune infiltration of tumors, interferon responses and markers of tertiary lymphoid structure formation, and systemic functional immune cell activation. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 12/01/2023 - "Recent studies have strongly demonstrated that intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are associated with a good prognosis and a successful clinical response to immunotherapy. " 06/01/2023 - "Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) hold the potential role in the prediction of immunotherapy response in several clinical trials. " 01/01/2023 - "Intratumoral immune hotspots beyond tertiary lymphoid structures reflect an immunosuppressive microenvironment, different from peritumoral immune hotspots, warranting further study in the context of immunotherapies." 10/20/2023 - "Remarkably, the cytotoxic and plasma cell rich subgroups exhibited a phenotype similar to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which have been previously linked to immunotherapy response. " 08/20/2023 - "This article provides a review of the prognostic role of tertiary lymphoid structures in immunotherapy of NSCLC, in order to offer references for screening suitable candidates for immunotherapy of NSCLC and develop personalized and precise treatment plans. . "
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "Furthermore, we found that combination therapy can be used to recruit tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS)-like intratumoral lymphoid aggregates, which may promote tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-mediated antitumor immunity. " 11/01/2023 - "This study evaluates the efficacy of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for acral melanoma (AM) and the predictive value of genetic mutations and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). " 07/01/2014 - "This study provides the first example of immune-based therapy converting a "nonimmunogenic" neoplasm into an "immunogenic" neoplasm by inducing infiltration of T cells and development of tertiary lymphoid structures in the TME. " 11/11/2023 - "Although the current paradigm in anti-tumor immunity evolves around T cells, the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures and memory B cells has been positively correlated with response to CI therapy in NSCLC. " 01/01/2023 - "Tertiary lymphoid structures in gynecological cancers: prognostic role, methods for evaluating, antitumor immunity, and induction for therapy."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2021 - "In this review article, we discussed the role of intestinal care in the induction of fully mature tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy." 04/01/2021 - "[Intestinal Care Using L‒Glutamine Supplement and Probiotics Can Induce a Strong Anti‒Tumor Immune Response through the Induction of Mature Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Preoperative Chemotherapy]." 01/01/2021 - "Pancreatic Cancer Chemotherapy Is Potentiated by Induction of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Mice." 11/01/2020 - "Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Association With Immunological and Clinical Parameters and Chemotherapy Response." 01/01/2019 - "Pathological reviewing identified massive intratumor tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) containing both lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in all 11 APC-HB cases who received cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy but not in five pre-chemotherapy samples (four paired biopsies and one patient resected without chemotherapy), indicating that these TLS are induced by chemotherapy (P < .001). "
4.	Neoadjuvant Therapy 01/01/2023 - "Single-cell transcriptome sequencing of B-cell heterogeneity and tertiary lymphoid structure predicts breast cancer prognosis and neoadjuvant therapy efficacy." 10/01/2021 - "Tertiary lymphoid structures in epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma are associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but not with prognosis." 01/01/2023 - "Predictive power of tertiary lymphoid structure signature for neoadjuvant chemotherapy response and immunotherapy benefit in HER2-negative breast cancer." 01/01/2019 - "Pathological reviewing identified massive intratumor tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) containing both lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in all 11 APC-HB cases who received cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy but not in five pre-chemotherapy samples (four paired biopsies and one patient resected without chemotherapy), indicating that these TLS are induced by chemotherapy (P < .001). " 01/01/2022 - "We report a patient with lung adenocarcinoma who displayed sarcoid-like reactions in intrathoracic lymph nodes and tertiary lymphoid structures in surgical tumor after neoadjuvant therapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. "
5.	Transplantation 01/01/2011 - "We observed the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLOs) containing macrophages and T cells in latently infected hearts prior to transplantation but not in uninfected rats. " 04/15/2013 - "The latter home to ectopic lymphoid tissue and continue to produce autoantibodies after transplantation and in the absence of peritoneal inflammation. "