Staghorn Calculi

Renal calculi with a characteristic shape like antlers of a deer, formed as it extends into multiple calices of the RENAL PELVIS. A large number of staghorn calculi as well as other URINARY CALCULI are composed of STRUVITE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 411 relevant articles (30 outcomes, 28 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Shock
2.	Kidney Calculi (Kidney Stone)
3.	Calculi (Calculus)
4.	Urolithiasis
5.	Diverticulum

Experts

1.	Zeng, Guohua: 4 articles (06/2021 - 04/2011)
2.	de la Rosette, Jean: 4 articles (12/2013 - 05/2011)
3.	Binbay, Murat: 4 articles (05/2012 - 06/2010)
4.	Muslumanoglu, Ahmet Yaser: 4 articles (05/2012 - 06/2010)
5.	Sari, Erhan: 4 articles (05/2012 - 06/2010)
6.	Hemal, Ashok K: 4 articles (01/2007 - 01/2005)
7.	Wang, Jia: 3 articles (12/2021 - 10/2015)
8.	Wu, Wenqi: 3 articles (06/2021 - 04/2011)
9.	Ganpule, Arvind P: 3 articles (04/2020 - 03/2008)
10.	Gao, Xiaofeng: 3 articles (01/2020 - 10/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Staghorn Calculi:

1.	StruviteIBA 01/01/2022 - "Struvite stones were more likely to present as staghorn calculi. " 01/01/2019 - "Struvite stone can swiftly grow and become 'staghorn calculi' in kidney and its associated areas, which is the most aching urological disorder. " 06/01/2016 - "Only 4 (10%) staghorn calculi were coposed of struvite. " 01/01/2016 - "Those with infectious complication were more likely to have a positive intraoperative stone culture (p = 0.01), struvite stone composition (p < 0.01), staghorn calculi (p < 0.001), and multiple stones (p = 0.02). " 04/15/2015 - "Almost all complications were associated with bigger size, staghorn calculi and struvite. "
2.	Cystine (L-Cystine)IBA 01/01/1997 - "Patients with radiolucent or cystine stones, stones larger than 3 cm or staghorn calculi, multiple stones with a total burden of more than 3 cm and those not amenable to follow-up were excluded from the study. " 04/15/2015 - "This rate was higher in patients below 5 years of age (86.1% vs., 69.8%, p=0.03), and worse in staghorn calculi (66% vs. 87.2%) and cystine ones (30% vs. 84.8%, p<0.001). " 01/01/1999 - "This survey defines the main indications: although ESWL can be applied to most stones, some stones constitute poor indications (cystine stones, stenotic malformative uropathy) or dubious indications: small lower caliceal stones, densely calcified staghorn calculi in older children. " 10/01/1998 - "We report a case of a 1.5 cm cystine staghorn calculus of the right lower pole in a 32 year female known cystinuric patient. " 11/01/1993 - "We considered that the ESWL monotherapy for staghorn calculi was not feasible in patients with a large stone volume, with severe hydrocalices, with cystine stones and with so-called "complex staghorn calculi"."
3.	HolmiumIBA 08/01/2016 - "The aim was to assess the safety and efficacy of high-power holmium YAG (Ho:YAG) laser in mini-PCNL for staghorn calculi. " 10/01/2009 - "70 W holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi."
4.	CalciumIBA 08/01/1985 - "Morphological study of renal tissue removed intraoperatively from patients with staghorn calculus suggested that calcium deposits in pelvic mucosa or collecting tube might play an important role in stone recurrence. " 08/01/1985 - "However, despite the calcium deposits in removed specimens, no recurrences have been observed in patients who underwent extracorporeal surgery for complicated staghorn calculus. " 08/01/1976 - "A metabolic study was performed in 28 patients with bilateral recurrent calcium-containing renal staghorn calculi and chronic pyelonephritis ("obstructive nephropathy"). " 01/01/2003 - "We report herein a case of multiple myeloma that was revealed by the presence of bilateral calcium renal staghorn calculi. " 01/01/2022 - "Struvite stones were more likely to present as staghorn calculi compared to matrix or calcium stones (56.5% vs 21.7% vs 18.8%, P=.006). "
5.	Uric Acid (Urate)IBA 06/01/1982 - "In vitro studies on the formation of uric acid staghorn calculi." 03/01/1992 - "[A case of drug-induced litholysis of a uric acid staghorn calculus in the left kidney]." 01/01/1986 - "[Staghorn calculi with hyperexcretion of uric acid: clinical treatment]." 07/01/2019 - "[A Case of Ammonium Acid Urate Staghorn Calculi Lost Only in the Drug Therapy]." 12/01/2006 - "There was a significant higher incidence of staghorn calculi in women in comparison with urolithiasis patients in southern Thailand, and the most common component was uric acid."
6.	Pregnenolone Carbonitrile (PCN)IBA 05/01/1990 - "The present study analyzed the results achieved with PCN in 30 patients with staghorn calculi; 21 (70%) incomplete staghorns and 9 (30%) complete staghorns. " 05/01/1990 - "In our view, PCN combined with ESWL is one of the currently available therapeutic options in the treatment of staghorn calculi. " 07/01/1988 - "Prophylactic PCN placement in the treatment of staghorn calculi and large stones in the renal pelvis accounted for 12%. " 01/01/1986 - "The combination of PCN and ESWL proved to be the optimal therapeutic approach in the majority of cases (44%), particularly for partial and complete staghorns, whereas PCN or ESWL monotherapy are indicated for borderline stones (51% ESWL, 26% PCN, 20% combination, 3% surgery) and selected cases of staghorn calculi only. " 12/09/1985 - "Ninety-two patients were treated by extra-corporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) alone, four by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCN) and two with staghorn calculi by combined ESWL and PCN. "
7.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2021 - "Patients receiving antibiotics for 2 days had higher rates of staghorn calculus than the 7-day group (58% vs 32%, p=0.006) but post hoc subanalysis did not demonstrate increased sepsis in the staghorn only group. " 01/01/2020 - "We performed percutaneous nephrostomy and administered antibiotics for the pyelonephritis due to her left staghorn calculus. " 05/01/2009 - "We developed and validated 48 ISE items (questions and answers) on 5 urology CPGs (hematuria and priapism [HP]; staghorn calculi, infertility, and antibiotic use [SIA]). " 11/01/1973 - "[Clinical and experimental studies on the continuous pelvic irrigation method using normal saline containing antibiotics; with special references to the application of this method to the kidney after nephrolithotomy in cases of staghorn calculi (author's transl)]." 01/01/2020 - "After matching based on age, gender, BMI, and number of access tracts, the comparative analysis showed that staghorn calculi and higher Guy's stone score were more frequently observed in non-struvite stone patients (n = 97), while a history of urolithiasis surgery (56.70%), preoperative broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (53.61%), positive preoperative urine culture (55.67%), and sepsis (35.05%) after surgery were more common in patients (n = 97) with struvite stones (all P values < 0.05). "
8.	Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic AcidIBA 08/01/1985 - "[Renal function study by 99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy in each treatment of staghorn calculi]."
9.	Saline SolutionIBA 11/01/1973 - "[Clinical and experimental studies on the continuous pelvic irrigation method using normal saline containing antibiotics; with special references to the application of this method to the kidney after nephrolithotomy in cases of staghorn calculi (author's transl)]."
10.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1996 - "We report the formation of a staghorn calculus in a transplanted kidney caused by infection with a urea-splitting Corynebacterium group D2 organism. " 10/01/1983 - "Most staghorn calculi occur in patients who have chronic urinary tract infections with urea-splitting organisms. " 11/01/1988 - "In infection stones, the urease-producing and thus urea-cleaving properties of some gram-negative bacteria are responsible for alkalization of the urine and lead especially in combination with disturbances of urine transport to the staghorn calculi. " 06/01/1994 - "The stone burden has increased in both size and complexity: there were 27 complete staghorn calculi (60%) in Group 2 compared with 19 (37%) in Group 1. Despite the higher number of kidney punctures, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine measurements demonstrated improvement of renal function postoperatively. " 01/01/2016 - "Staghorn calculi is associated with delayed diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection caused by specific organisms, which produce the enzyme urease, promoting generation of ammonia and hydroxide from urea. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy 11/01/1993 - "The combined method of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and ESWL has been highly effective in the complete removal of most staghorn calculi. " 10/01/2005 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the management of complete staghorn calculi in children <or=5 years old. " 06/01/2008 - "The results of our study have shown that an aggressive approach to staghorn calculi using multiple-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy is safe and effective in achieving a greater stone clearance rate with acceptable morbidity. " 07/01/2008 - "This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of Lithoclast(®) Master with pneumolithotriptor during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in the treatment of renal staghorn calculi. " 11/01/2021 - "The percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has become the gold-standard for treating patients with the larger renal stones and staghorn calculi. "
2.	Lithotripsy (Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy) 04/01/2016 - "Simultaneous combined MPCNL and flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy is an effective and safe treatment for partial staghorn calculi, with significantly higher one-step SFR when compared to conventional MPCNL monotherapy, without additional procedure-related complications." 11/01/1993 - "Between August, 1987 and December, 1991, 84 patients with 87 staghorn calculi were treated mainly with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) using a Dornier HM-3 improved lithotriptor. " 01/01/2017 - "Re: "Combination of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy and Ureteroscopy for Large Staghorn Calculi in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report" by Schults et al.: (J Endourol Case Rep 2017;3:64-66)." 01/01/2017 - "Combination of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy and Ureteroscopy for Large Staghorn Calculi in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report." 10/01/2009 - "Either in combination with shockwave lithotripsy but especially as monotherapy, PCNL is recommended as the most effective treatment option for patients with staghorn calculi or large volume stone disease. "
3.	Therapeutics 05/01/2008 - "Our study suggests that lower-pole fluoroscopically guided PNL is a safe and effective therapy for patients with staghorn or non-staghorn calculi. " 01/01/1992 - "The data presented in this study demonstrate that primary ESWL therapy can be safely and successfully performed in the majority of patients with renal staghorn calculi. " 01/01/1980 - "Experimental study of marginal wedge resection and its practical application in the surgical therapy of staghorn calculi." 01/01/2015 - "Medical Treatment of a Staghorn Calculus: The Ultimate Noninvasive Therapy." 01/01/2006 - "ESWL is useful as first line therapy for staghorn calculi less than 4 cm, heterogeneous with similar density to bone or a little denser than bone."
4.	Solid-State Lasers 10/01/2009 - "To investigate the safety and efficacy of the high-power (70 W) holmium laser in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for staghorn calculi. " 06/01/2018 - "The holmium laser and/or pneumatic lithotripter were used to fragment staghorn calculi. " 06/01/2006 - "It constitutes usually the first line treatment of urinary calculi sized less than 30 mm. Complex and staghorn calculi may be treated either with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or by flexible uteroscopy (URS) with Holmium laser. " 01/01/2004 - "Recent development of flexible ureteroscopy and endoscopical holmium-YAG laser lithotripsy has prompted the application of a new method of combined treatment for staghorn calculi: retrograde ureteroscopy and external shock wave lithotripsy. " 08/01/2016 - "The aim was to assess the safety and efficacy of high-power holmium YAG (Ho:YAG) laser in mini-PCNL for staghorn calculi. "
5.	Nephrotomy 01/01/2020 - "The patient was referred to our department due to recurrent dysfunction of the nephrostomy tube caused by blockage due to stone-matrix material and a staghorn calculus in the transplant kidney's collecting system. " 05/01/1996 - "Use of a snare wire to perform nephrostomy access in the presence of obstructive staghorn calculi." 07/01/1990 - "Previous renal surgery had been performed in 17.4% of patients in Group 1 and 36% in Group 2. There were 17.2% complicated patients in Group 1 and 51% in Group 2. The stone burden included 30.2% multiple, partial staghorn and staghorn calculi in Group 1 and 47.2% in Group 2. The use of in situ stone disintegration increased from 22.2% in Group 1 to 73.4% in Group 2 and nephrostomy drainage was necessary in 29.6% compared with 75%. " 01/01/1990 - "In 2 cases with more branched-out staghorn calculi and separate fragments, a logitudinal extensive nephrotomy was performed. " 03/01/1986 - "In 45 patients staghorn calculi were removed in hypothermic ischaemia by one or several nephrotomies. "