Cold Injury

A physical injury caused by exposure of the body to extremely low ambient temperatures that may lead to loss of body parts, or in extreme cases, death. Examples of cold injury are FROSTBITE and CHILBLAINS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 361 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 59 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Brain Edema (Cerebral Edema)
2.	Frostbite
3.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
4.	Edema (Dropsy)
5.	Gangrene

Experts

1.	Nag, Sukriti: 5 articles (03/2019 - 09/2002)
2.	Mekjavic, Igor B: 4 articles (01/2020 - 04/2014)
3.	Stewart, Duncan J: 4 articles (03/2019 - 08/2003)
4.	Zhang, Lei: 4 articles (01/2016 - 01/2006)
5.	Gorjanc, Jurij: 3 articles (01/2018 - 04/2014)
6.	Morrison, Shawnda A: 3 articles (01/2018 - 04/2014)
7.	Benyó, Z: 3 articles (08/2001 - 06/2000)
8.	Görlach, C: 3 articles (08/2001 - 06/2000)
9.	Hortobágyi, T: 3 articles (08/2001 - 06/2000)
10.	Wahl, M: 3 articles (08/2001 - 06/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cold Injury:

1.	SolutionsIBA 06/15/2001 - "To determine whether CRF has protective effects on three remote organs (liver, lung and stomach) affected by cold injury and to characterize the role of neutrophils in cold-induced inflammation, dorsums of anesthetized rats were exposed for 5 min to a 22% NaCl solution maintained at -20+/-0.5 degrees C and the rats were sacrificed at 24 h after the cold injury. " 01/10/2020 - "Preclinical data have clearly shown that Custodiol-N is superior to Custodiol® in cold static organ preservation via mechanisms including inhibition of hypoxic cell injury, cold-induced cell injury and avoidance of adverse effects during warm exposure to the solution. " 10/19/1979 - "One series of cats received an intracerebral injection of ouabain solution, the control series an intracerebral injection of saline, at 100 min after the cold-injury. " 11/01/1985 - "The use of a cold solution without ice chips or slush, or the insertion of a CIP prior to the use of topical cardiac hypothermia (when ice chips or slush are used) decreases the exposure of the phrenic nerve to cold injury and decreases the incidence of paresis of the left diaphragm and resultant atelectasis." 04/01/1989 - "Twenty-four rats received an infusion of a TPN solution (35% glucose) or 0.9% saline at 4 ml/kg/hr for 4 or 26 hours following cold injury. "
2.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1990 - "Dexamethasone administration up to about 30 min after cold injury led to measurable beneficial results. " 01/01/2016 - "These findings suggest that dexamethasone protects the blood-nerve barrier, but its benefit in non-freezing cold injury is limited to the vascular system. " 01/01/2016 - "We established Wistar rat models of non-freezing cold injury by exposing the left sciatic nerve to cold (3-5°C) for 2 hours, then administered dexamethasone (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to half of the models. " 01/01/2016 - "Dexamethasone prevents vascular damage in early-stage non-freezing cold injury of the sciatic nerve." 01/01/1990 - "Dexamethasone may, however, have lowered CBF in these two "normal" brain areas after cold injury. "
3.	Iloprost (Ventavis)FDA Link 10/01/2017 - "Potential new treatment for non-freezing cold injury: is Iloprost the way forward?" 01/01/2022 - "Early Use of Iloprost in Nonfreezing Cold Injury." 10/01/2017 - "Iloprost, a synthetic prostaglandin I2 analogue, has previously been used with some success in the treatment of vasospastic and freezing cold injuries, although its role in NFCI remains unclear. "
4.	ChlorophyllIBA 01/01/2019 - "True tolerance involved improved protection of the cell membrane against cold injury at temperatures close to 0 °C and stimulation of light-induced processes (accumulation of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, proper development of chloroplasts) at temperatures in the range of 10-14 °C, likely also related to the increased photosensitivity and mediated by gibberellin signaling." 10/18/2022 - "Here, we investigated the transcriptome and phytohormone profiles of tea leaves with different cold injury degrees in recovery (adjacent to the windbreak), and the levels of chlorophylls, malondialdehyde, major phytohormones as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured. "
5.	Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1999 - "Hence, vitamin C is effective for improving peripheral blood flow and thereby reduces the incidence of cold injuries during acclimatization or outdoor duties at HA." 01/01/1981 - "Animals that had received a cold injury had significant decreases in ascorbic acid levels after 4 hr on the lesioned side of the brain. "
6.	Anesthetics (Anesthetic Agents)IBA 08/01/2012 - "The durability of anesthetic protection against cold injury may be limited." 11/01/1993 - "Using an open cranium preparation, we studied the effects of isoflurane (I; 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration), of fentanyl (F; 0.5-1 microgram.kg-1 x min-1), or of thiopental (T; 32.5 mg.kg-1 x h-1) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional brain tissue PO2 in albino rabbits (n = 6 per group) with a focal brain lesion (cold injury). "
7.	Irritants (Vesicants)IBA 11/15/1994 - "The advent of microsurgery has in the last few decades considerably improved the results of treatment of lesions of nerves in the wrist and the hand, both with regard to functional restoration of sensation and movement and to reduction of local irritant factors or those linked to cold injury. "
8.	GibberellinsIBA 01/01/2019 - "True tolerance involved improved protection of the cell membrane against cold injury at temperatures close to 0 °C and stimulation of light-induced processes (accumulation of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, proper development of chloroplasts) at temperatures in the range of 10-14 °C, likely also related to the increased photosensitivity and mediated by gibberellin signaling."
9.	Carotenoids (Carotene)IBA 01/01/2019 - "True tolerance involved improved protection of the cell membrane against cold injury at temperatures close to 0 °C and stimulation of light-induced processes (accumulation of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, proper development of chloroplasts) at temperatures in the range of 10-14 °C, likely also related to the increased photosensitivity and mediated by gibberellin signaling."
10.	Anthocyanins (Anthocyanin)IBA 01/01/2019 - "True tolerance involved improved protection of the cell membrane against cold injury at temperatures close to 0 °C and stimulation of light-induced processes (accumulation of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, proper development of chloroplasts) at temperatures in the range of 10-14 °C, likely also related to the increased photosensitivity and mediated by gibberellin signaling."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Rewarming 01/01/2019 - "Infants, children, and adolescents are at higher risk for primary cold injuries due to a combination of physiologic and cognitive factors, but quick rewarming and appropriate disposition can result in survival and improved neurological outcomes. " 03/01/1993 - "These studies indicate that a substantial component of severe cold injury is neutrophil mediated and occurs after rewarming." 01/01/2023 - "We used an in vitro cold storage and rewarming model to evaluate cold injury and investigated the relationship between cold injury and S1P signal. " 01/01/2020 - "Finger- and toe-temperature responses to local cooling and rewarming have limited predictive value identifying susceptibility to local cold injury-a cohort study in military cadets." 01/01/2019 - "The rewarming test is to be preferred over the CIVD test in terms of ease of use, but the predictive value of the rewarming test for cold injuries is limited, cannot replace the RIF since onset time of finger vasodilation is not included and should be further investigated."
2.	Sympathectomy (Sympathectomies) 04/01/1975 - "This study was performed to determine if a decrease in tissue loss following a standard cold injury could be obtained following a regional "medical sympathectomy" achieved by the intra-arterial administration of sympathetic blocking drugs. " 09/03/1949 - "The treatment of cold injury; experimental studies on the extremities of rabbits; the effect of periarterial sympathectomy." 09/01/1976 - "Effect of sympathetic denervation on chronic cold injuries in rabbit brain. " 07/01/1962 - "The role of regional sympathectomy in the early management of cold injury." 09/01/1980 - "Late protection against subsequent cold injury appears to be the only benefit of sympathectomy for frostbite."
3.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 01/01/2005 - "Both intraperitoneal- and microsphere-administered DSP were found to be very effective in a cold injury brain edema model. " 01/01/2005 - "The efficiency of dexamethasone sodium phosphate-encapsulated chitosan microspheres after cold injury."
4.	Epidural Anesthesia 12/01/1985 - "Continuous epidural anesthesia, started 6 h after severe cold injury of the extremities and continued for 3 days, resulted in complete clinical remission of the frozen areas of the feet. "
5.	Surgical Amputation (Amputations) 04/01/2021 - "An example is given of successful treatment of a cold injury of patient hands and feet that allowed amputation to be avoided." 09/04/2020 - "Self-inflicted finger cold injury leading to amputation: Report of a case." 01/01/2018 - "Ten elite alpinists (N = 10; 8 male and 2 female) with amputations after freezing cold injury participated in a cold-water (8°C) immersion stress test of the hands and feet. " 01/01/2018 - "Cold susceptibility of digit stumps resulting from amputation after freezing cold injury in elite alpinists. " 01/01/2018 - "Cold Susceptibility of Digit Stumps Resulting from Amputation After Freezing Cold Injury in Elite Alpinists."