Many
pattern-recognition receptors (
PRRs) and their corresponding
ligands have been identified. However, it is largely unknown how similar and different these
ligands are in inducing plant innate immunity and affecting plant development. In this study, we examined three well characterized
ligands in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely
flagellin 22 (flg22), plant elicitor
peptide 1 (pep1) and a conserved 20-amino-acid fragment found in most
necrosis and
ethylene-inducing
peptide 1-like
proteins (nlp20). Our quantitative analyses detected the differences in amplitude in the early immune responses of these
ligands, with nlp20-induced responses typically being slower than those mediated by flg22 and pep1.
RNA sequencing showed the shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was mostly enriched in defense response, whereas nlp20-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially regulated by flg22 and pep1. The three elicitors all inhibited primary root growth, especially pep1, which inhibited both
auxin transport and signaling pathway. In addition, pep1 significantly inhibited the cell division and genes involved in cell cycle. Compared with flg22 and nlp20, pep1 induced much stronger expression of its receptor in roots, suggesting a potential positive feedback regulation in the activation of immune response. Despite
PRRs and their co-receptor BAK1 were necessary for both
PAMP induced immune response and root growth inhibition, bik1 mutant only showed impaired defense response but relatively normal root growth inhibition, suggesting BIK1 acts differently in these two biological processes.