Diagnostic markers of
malignant mesothelioma (MM) have been extensively investigated. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, such as
calretinin, have been used for pathologic diagnosis. However, more diagnostic markers are required to improve the specificity and sensitivity of pathologic diagnosis. This study proposed two
proteins as diagnostic markers for epithelioid MM. One is RhoA, an MM mutation-susceptible locus-derived
protein, and another is
vigilin, a lung
small cell carcinoma marker. IHC was performed using 93 MM (epithelioid, 71 cases; sarcomatoid, 13 cases; and biphasic, 9 cases), 64
lung adenocarcinoma (LAC), 60 lung
squamous cell carcinoma (LSC), and 14 normal mesothelial (NM) tissues. The majority of epithelioid MM cases were positive for both RhoA and
vigilin, whereas both IHCs showed lower stainability in biphasic and sarcomatoid MM. Besides, both IHCs showed significantly higher stainability for RhoA and
vigilin in epithelioid MM than in LAC and LSC (p < 0.05). Chi-square tests showed that both RhoA and
vigilin IHC positive rate in epithelioid MM was not significantly different from that of
calretinin (p > 0.05). In the differential diagnosis of MM from
lung cancer, the accuracy and specificity of RhoA,
vigilin, and
calretinin staining were almost equivalent. Further, H-score test showed that there was no significant difference between RhoA versus
calretinin and
vigilin versus
calretinin in IHC positivity in epithelioid MM (p > 0.05). In conclusion, RhoA and
vigilin may be candidates for immunohistochemical markers for epithelioid MM.