Insufficient dietary intake of
vitamin A causes various human diseases. For instance, chronic
vitamin A deprivation causes
blindness, slow growth, impaired immunity, and an increased risk of mortality in children. In contrast to these diverse effects of
vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in mammals, chronic VAD in flies neither causes obvious developmental defects nor lethality. As in mammals, VAD in flies severely affects the visual system: it impairs the synthesis of the
retinal chromophore, disrupts the formation of the
visual pigments (
Rhodopsins), and damages the photoreceptors. However, the molecular mechanisms that respond to VAD remain poorly understood. To identify genes and signaling pathways that are affected by VAD, we performed
RNA-sequencing and differential gene expression analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. We found an upregulation of genes that are essential for the synthesis of the
retinal chromophore, specific aminoacyl-
tRNA synthetases, and major nutrient reservoir
proteins. We also discovered that VAD affects several genes that are required for the termination of the light response: for instance, we found a downregulation of both
arrestin genes that are essential for the inactivation of
Rhodopsin. A comparison of the VAD-responsive genes with previously identified blue light stress-responsive genes revealed that the two types of environmental stress trigger largely nonoverlapping transcriptome responses. Yet, both stresses increase the expression of seven genes with poorly understood functions. Taken together, our transcriptome analysis offers insights into the molecular mechanisms that respond to environmental stresses.