Here we discuss antibody, cell and gene-based
therapies that are currently available and under investigation for both wet and dry
age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We initially discuss ocular anatomy, AMD modelling as well as the underlying pathophysiology of AMD. The antibody-based trials which have revolutionised the management of wet AMD are reviewed. The latest concepts in antibody
therapy for wet AMD such as the port delivery systems,
bispecific antibodies, designed ankyrin repeat
protein (
DARPINs) and
brolucizumab are explored. Furthermore, the antibody-based trials targeting the
complement pathway to reduce progression of
geographic atrophy (GA) in dry AMD are discussed. Stem cell
therapy and gene therapy are novel treatment modalities with no established clinical use in wet or dry AMD. Here, we discuss their efficacy so far in clinical trials. Their benefits and risk in the treatment of both wet and dry AMD are evaluated.