Cyclic
dipeptides administered by both parenteral and oral routes are suggested as promising candidates for the treatment of neurodegeneration-related pathologies. In this study, we tested
Cyclo (His-Pro) isomers (cHP1-4) for their anti-Alzheimer potential using a differentiated human
neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) as an
Alzheimer's disease (AD) experimental model. The SH-SY5Y cell line was differentiated by the application of
all-trans retinoic acid (RA) to obtain mature neuron-like cells.
Amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42)
peptides, the main effector in AD, were administered to the differentiated cell cultures to constitute the in vitro disease model. Next, we performed cell viability analyses
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays) to investigate the neuroprotective concentrations of cyclodipeptides using the in vitro AD model. We evaluated
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α- and β-
secretase activities (TACE and BACE1),
antioxidant potency, and apoptotic/necrotic properties and performed global gene expression analysis to understand the main mechanism behind the neuroprotective features of
cHP1-4. Moreover, we conducted sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus (MN), and
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) analyses to evaluate the genotoxic damage potential after applications with
cHP1-4 on cultured human lymphocytes. Our results revealed that
cHP1-4 isomers provide a different degree of neuroprotection against Aβ1-42-induced cell death on the in vitro AD model. The applications with
cHP1-4 isomers altered the activity of AChE but not the activity of TACE and BACE1. Our analysis indicated that the
cHP1-4 increased the total
antioxidant capacity without altering total oxidative status levels in the cellular AD model and that
cHP1-4 modulated the alterations of gene expressions by Aβ1-42 exposure. We also observed that
cHP1-4 exhibited noncytotoxic and non-genotoxic features in cultured human whole blood cells. In conclusion,
cHP1-4 isomers, especially cHP4, have been explored as novel promising
therapeutics against AD.