Acetoin is a precursor to diacetyl in e-cigarette liquids.

Abstract

Use of the e-liquid flavourings diacetyl and acetyl propionyl has raised concerns that they might cause respiratory diseases amongst vapers. Product surveys show that these compounds, plus a less toxic alternative, acetoin, are widely used in e-liquids. We have investigated the chemistry of acetoin, acetyl propionyl and diacetyl in e-liquids. They are reactive, with concentrations falling substantially over time. Acetyl propionyl is the most reactive, diacetyl less so, and acetoin significantly more stable. Their reactivity is pH-enhanced when nicotine is present in the e-liquid. Of major concern, we found that acetoin generates diacetyl in e-liquids. We found diacetyl formation in all acetoin-containing e-liquids, but it is not an acetoin-contaminant. Diacetyl concentrations were proportional to acetoin content, grew over time, and formation was accelerated by nicotine. E-liquids stored for up to 18 months contained significant diacetyl, and reduced acetoin levels, showing that acetoin is a long-term diacetyl source. Other reaction pathways operate, and we advance mechanisms to explain this area of e-liquid chemistry. Acetoin use in e-liquids is an inevitable source of diacetyl exposure for e-cigarette users. Acetoin, acetyl propionyl and diacetyl are avoidable hazards for vapers, and we recommend e-liquid manufacturers move away from their use in e-liquid formulations.

• Authors: Carl A Vas, Andrew Porter, Kevin McAdam
• Journal: Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association (Food Chem Toxicol) Vol. 133 Pg. 110727 (Nov 2019) ISSN: 1873-6351 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 31377138 (Publication Type: Journal Article)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2019 British American Tobacco Research and Development. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Flavoring Agents
• Pentanones
• Propylene Glycol
• Nicotine
• Acetoin
• Diacetyl
• 2,3-pentanedione
• Glycerol

Topics

• Acetoin (analysis, chemistry)
• Diacetyl (analysis, chemical synthesis)
• Drug Stability
• Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
• Flavoring Agents (analysis, chemistry)
• Glycerol (chemistry)
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
• Nicotine (chemistry)
• Oxidation-Reduction
• Pentanones (analysis)
• Propylene Glycol (chemistry)