BACKGROUND
Thyroid cancer causes considerable mortality and morbidity across the globe. Owing to the unavailability of
biomarkers and the adverse effects of existing drugs, there is an urgent need to develop efficient
chemotherapy for the treatment of
thyroid cancers. Plants have served as exceptional source of drugs for the treatment of lethal diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of
ferruginol against
thyroid cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS We monitored the cell proliferation rate using
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was detected using
4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (
DAPI),
acridine orange/
ethidium bromide (AO/EB), and
annexin V/
propidium iodide (PI) staining.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (
MMP) levels were examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Protein expressed was examined by western blotting. RESULTS We found that
ferruginol exerted potent antiproliferative action against
thyroid cancer cells, and an IC₅₀ of 12 µM was observed for
ferruginol against the MDA-T32 cell line. The toxic effects of
ferruginol were less pronounced against normal cells. The anticancer effects of
ferruginol were likely due to the induction of apoptosis which was also associated with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2.
Ferruginol also caused ROS mediated alterations in the
MMP of MDA-T32 cells. In MDA-T32 cells,
ferruginol might also block the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which is believed to be an important therapeutic target of anticancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in view of the results of this study, it might be suggested that
ferruginol might serve as an essential lead molecule for the treatment of
thyroid cancer provided further in-depth studies especially studying
ferruginol toxicological as well as in vivo studies are needed.