This study assessed the anti-apoptotic effects of the administration of
ferulic acid (FrA) in rats 30 min before
middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 3 d of
ischemia and the involvement of 70 kDa
heat shock protein (HSP70)-mediated signaling in the penumbral cortex. Our results demonstrated that FrA pretreatment at doses of 80 mg/kg (FrA-80 mg) and 100 mg/kg (FrA-100 mg) effectively ameliorated neurological functions and reduced the numbers of
cytochrome c-, cleaved caspase-3-, and
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the penumbral cortex 3 d after
ischemia. Moreover, FrA-80 mg and FrA-100 mg pretreatment markedly upregulated cytosolic HSP70,
Beclin-1,
microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) A/B-II and
autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) expression; cytosolic and mitochondrial X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) expression and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. FrA pretreatment downregulated cytosolic
cytochrome c,
apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF),
procathepsin B, and
cathepsin B expression and mitochondrial and cytosolic second mitochondria-derived activator of
caspase/direct
inhibitor of apoptosis protein-
binding protein with a low isoelectric point (Smac/DIABLO) expression in the penumbral cortex. Pretreatment with
VER155008, a HSP70 family inhibitor, significantly inhibited the effects of FrA-100 mg on the expression of the aforementioned
proteins expression in the penumbral cortex. FrA-80 mg and FrA-100 mg pretreatment exerts
neuroprotective effects against
caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis through activating HSP70/Bcl-2- and HSP70/autophagy-induced signaling pathways. Furthermore, the HSP70/Bcl-2- and HSP70/autophagy-induced anti-apoptotic effects of FrA pretreatment can be attributed to the regulation of Bax/
cytochrome c/Smac/DIABLO/XIAP/ caspase-3- (or Bax/AIF-) and
Beclin-1/LC3A/B-II/Atg5-mediated signaling, respectively, in the penumbral cortex 3 d after permanent MCAo.