Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid.

Abstract

Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress.

• Authors: Phiwayinkosi V Dludla, Bongani B Nkambule, Babalwa Jack, Zibusiso Mkandla, Tinashe Mutize, Sonia Silvestri, Patrick Orlando, Luca Tiano, Johan Louw, Sithandiwe E Mazibuko-Mbeje
• Journal: Nutrients (Nutrients) Vol. 11 Issue 1 (Dec 21 2018) ISSN: 2072-6643 [Electronic] Switzerland
• PMID: 30577684 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)

Chemical References

• Adipokines
• Cytokines
• Tea
• Gallic Acid

Topics

• Adipokines (metabolism)
• Adipose Tissue (drug effects, metabolism)
• Animals
• Cytokines (metabolism)
• Diet
• Fruit (chemistry)
• Gallic Acid (pharmacology, therapeutic use)
• Humans
• Inflammation (drug therapy, physiopathology)
• Insulin Resistance
• Lipid Metabolism (drug effects)
• Lipogenesis (drug effects)
• Obesity (complications, drug therapy, physiopathology)
• Oxidative Stress (drug effects)
• Tea (chemistry)