Introduction.
Selenium is a
micronutrient embedded in several
proteins. In adults, the thyroid is the organ with the highest amount of
selenium per gram of tissue.
Selenium levels in the body depend on the characteristics of the population and its diet, geographic area, and soil composition. In the thyroid,
selenium is required for the
antioxidant function and for the metabolism of
thyroid hormones. Methods. We performed a review of the literature on
selenium's role in thyroid function using PubMed/MEDLINE. Results. Regarding thyroid pathology,
selenium intake has been particularly associated with autoimmune disorders. The literature suggests that
selenium supplementation of patients with
autoimmune thyroiditis is associated with a reduction in antithyroperoxidase antibody levels, improved thyroid ultrasound features, and improved quality of life.
Selenium supplementation in
Graves' orbitopathy is associated with an improvement of quality of life and eye involvement, as well as delayed progression of ocular disorders. The organic form of
selenium seems to be the preferable formulation for supplementation or treatment. Conclusion. Maintaining a physiological concentration of
selenium is a prerequisite to prevent
thyroid disease and preserve overall health. Supplementation with the organic form is more effective, and patients with
autoimmune thyroiditis seem to have benefits in immunological mechanisms.
Selenium supplementation proved to be clinically beneficial in patients with mild to moderate
Graves' orbitopathy.