Progranulin (PGRN) has recently emerged as an important regulator for
glucose metabolism and
insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanisms of PGRN in the regulation of
insulin sensitivity and autophagy remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to address the direct effects of PGRN in vivo and to evaluate the potential interaction of impaired
insulin sensitivity and autophagic disorders in hepatic
insulin resistance. We found that mice treated with PGRN for 21 days exhibited the
impaired glucose tolerance and
insulin tolerance and hepatic autophagy imbalance as well as defective
insulin signaling. Furthermore, treatment of mice with
TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 blocking
peptide-Fc, a
TNFR1 blocking
peptide-Fc fusion
protein to competitively block the interaction of PGRN and
TNFR1, resulted in the restoration of systemic
insulin sensitivity and the recovery of autophagy and
insulin signaling in liver. Consistent with these findings in vivo, we also observed that PGRN treatment induced defective autophagy and impaired
insulin signaling in hepatocytes, with such effects being drastically nullified by the addition of
TNFR1 blocking
peptide -Fc or TNFR1-small interference RNA via the TNFR1-nuclear factor-κB-dependent manner, indicating the causative role of PGRN in hepatic
insulin resistance. In conclusion, our findings supported the notion that PGRN is a key regulator of hepatic
insulin resistance and that PGRN may mediate its effects, at least in part, by inducing defective autophagy via
TNFR1/nuclear factor-κB.