Bismuth therapy has shown efficacy against two major
gastrointestinal disorders:
peptic ulcer disease and
diarrhea. In
peptic ulcer disease it is as effective as the H2-receptor antagonists, costs considerably less, and offers a lower rate of relapse. When Helicobacter pylori is implicated,
bismuth acts as an
antimicrobial agent, suppressing the organism but not eliminating it. In recent studies,
bismuth compounds have been used with conventional
antibiotics, producing elimination of the organism, histological improvement, and amelioration of symptoms for periods longer than one year.
Bismuth subsalicylate has shown modest efficacy in treating traveler's
diarrhea and acute and chronic
diarrhea in children, and it is effective prophylactically for traveler's
diarrhea. An epidemic of neurological toxicity was reported in France in the 1970's with prolonged
bismuth treatment, usually
bismuth subgallate and subnitrate. Such toxicity has been rare with
bismuth subsalicylate and
colloidal bismuth subcitrate. However, recent studies have demonstrated intestinal absorption of
bismuth (about 0.2% of the ingested dose) and sequestration of this
heavy metal in multiple tissue sites, even occurring with conventional dosing over a 6-week period. These findings have inspired recommendations that treatment periods with any
bismuth-containing compound should last no longer than 6-8 weeks, followed by 8-week
bismuth-free intervals.