Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is a cofactor for
aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and
nitric oxide synthase. The biosynthesis includes two reduction steps catalyzed by
sepiapterin reductase. An intermediate, 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin (PPH(4)) is reduced to 1(')-oxo-2(')-hydroxypropyl-tetrahydropterin (1(')-OXPH(4)) or 1(')-hydroxy-2(')-oxopropyl-tetrahydropterin (2(')-OXPH(4)), which is further converted to BH(4). However, patients with
sepiapterin reductase deficiency show normal urinary excretion of
pterins without hyperphenylalaninemia, suggesting that other
enzymes catalyze the two reduction steps. In this study, the
reductase activities for the
tetrahydropterin intermediates were examined using several human recombinant
enzymes belonging to the
aldo-keto reductase (AKR) family and
short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family. In the reduction of PPH(4) by AKR family
enzymes, 2(')-OXPH(4) was formed by
3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, whereas 1(')-OXPH(4) was produced by
aldose reductase,
aldehyde reductase, and
20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and both 1(')-OXPH(4) and 2(')-OXPH(4) were detected as the major and minor products by 3 alpha-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (types 1 and 3). The activities of
aldose reductase and
3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (106 and 35 nmol/mg/min, respectively) were higher than those of the other
enzymes (0.2-4.0 nmol/mg/min). Among the SDR family
enzymes, monomeric
carbonyl reductase exhibited low 1(')-OXPH(4)-forming activity of 5.0 nmol/mg/min, but
L-xylulose reductase and peroxisomal tetrameric
carbonyl reductase did not form any reduced product from PPH(4).
Aldose reductase reduced 2(')-OXPH(4) to BH(4), but the other
enzymes were inactive towards both 2(')-OXPH(4) and 1(')-OXPH(4). These results indicate that the
tetrahydropterin intermediates are natural substrates of the human AKR family
enzymes and suggest a novel alternative pathway from PPH(4) to BH(4), in which
3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and
aldose reductase work in concert.