Mastodynia

Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.

Also Known As:

Breast Pain; Mammalgia; Breast Pains; Mammalgias; Mastalgias; Mastodynias; Pain, Breast; Pains, Breast; Mastalgia

Networked: 654 relevant articles (91 outcomes, 147 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Mastodynia
3.	Premenstrual Syndrome (Premenstrual Tension)
4.	Gynecomastia
5.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)

Experts

1.	Aouizerat, Bradley E: 6 articles (11/2017 - 05/2012)
2.	Levine, Jon D: 6 articles (11/2017 - 05/2012)
3.	Miaskowski, Christine: 6 articles (11/2017 - 05/2012)
4.	Paul, Steven M: 6 articles (11/2017 - 05/2012)
5.	Langford, Dale J: 5 articles (04/2021 - 02/2014)
6.	Komm, Barry S: 5 articles (12/2017 - 12/2008)
7.	Pickar, James H: 5 articles (05/2016 - 05/2004)
8.	Mansel, Robert E: 4 articles (01/2018 - 08/2003)
9.	Abrams, Gary: 4 articles (11/2017 - 05/2012)
10.	Elboim, Charles: 4 articles (12/2014 - 05/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Mastodynia:

1.	Tamoxifen FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1997 - "These results suggest that tamoxifen is highly efficaceous and cost effective for the management of severe cyclical mastalgia." 01/01/1988 - "These results suggest that tamoxifen is highly effective for the management of severe premenstrual mastalgia and should be useful for the treatment of this disorder." 01/01/2020 - "From this study, we conclude that topical tamoxifen is more effective than oral tamoxifen treatment in reducing cyclical breast pain and decreasing breast nodularity with lesser side effects and lower recurrence rates." 10/01/2022 - "Oral tamoxifen is helpful in long-standing mastalgia. " 03/01/1998 - "On the basis of the results obtained, the authors affirm the validity and efficacy of tamoxifen in the treatment of mastodynia in PMS owing to both its innocuity and its atoxity."
2.	Bromocriptine (Parlodel)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2007 - "It has shown good results in mastalgia and is a safe drug as compared to the drugs of choice used at present (danazole and bromocriptine). " 01/01/1987 - "Significant reduction of mastodynia and significant improvement of the breast lesions were observed in the group given bromocriptine, though echomammography and breast thermography did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups. " 05/01/1977 - "Medication considerably improved all the premenstrual symptoms, but mastodynia was the only one where bromocriptine was significantly better than the placebo." 09/01/1989 - "This study shows that bromocriptine, at a dose of 5 mg/day for three months, effectively controls the symptoms of cyclical mastalgia with minimal side effects." 09/01/1989 - "Fifty pre-menopausal women with severe and persistent cyclical mastalgia entered this randomised, double-blind, parallel group study comparing bromocriptine and placebo. "
3.	evening primrose oilIBA 12/01/2020 - "ASO Author Reflection: Getting Closer to Solving the Mystery Behind Mastalgia: Evening Primrose Oil and Factors Affecting Its Therapeutic Efficacy." 11/01/2020 - "Clinical Factors Affecting the Therapeutic Efficacy of Evening Primrose Oil on Mastalgia." 10/01/2021 - "Thus, we carry out this study to determine the efficacy of evening primrose oil (EPO) for mastalgia treatment in women. " 10/01/2021 - "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Evening Primrose Oil for Mastalgia Treatment." 07/01/1999 - "Efamast may be recommended as a first-line specific treatment for Oriental women with disturbing cyclical mastalgia."
4.	Danazol (Azol)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2004 - "The objective of this study was to know the success of danazol to control moderate to severe mastalgia. " 04/01/1989 - "In an open study, low-dose danazol (mean total dose 700 mg/month) was given during the luteal phase to 20 women with severe relapsing cyclical mastalgia. " 01/01/1979 - "The preliminary results of a double-blind randomized cross-over trial of danazol versus placebo in patients with severe cyclical breast pain are reported. " 12/01/2017 - "Persistent cyclical-breast-pain can be treated with short courses (2-6 months) of either Bromocryptine (VAS↓=25.4) or Danazol (VAS↓=33.6) as long as benefits outweigh the side-effects. " 11/01/2004 - "Our results suggest that danazol is a useful drug to control moderate to severe mastalgia."
5.	ProlactinIBA 09/01/2008 - "castus could be effective in the treatment of cyclical mastalgia by inhibiting the release of excess prolactin by blocking Dopamine-2 receptor type on pituitary. " 05/01/2003 - "Since AC extracts were shown to have beneficial effects on premenstrual mastodynia serum prolactin levels in such patients were also studied in one double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. " 01/25/1992 - "Although the aetiology of cyclical mastalgia is poorly understood, the consistent finding of an increased prolactin stimulation response probably due to oestrogen dominance has led to the use of treatment with prolactin-lowering drugs and antioestrogens. " 06/08/1991 - "Success of treatment (complete or partial) according to milk secretion, breast engorgement, and breast pain; rebound symptomatology; serum prolactin concentrations; and number of adverse events. " 12/01/1985 - "Patients in the cyclical mastalgia group with a high peak prolactin release responded to hormonal treatment significantly more frequently (90%) than those with a normal prolactin release (50%). "
6.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 10/01/2014 - "We compared breast pain among healthy, recently menopausal women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) at Mayo Clinic. " 01/01/2021 - "With regard to HRT, doses of estrogens should be reduced until the breast pain decreases, or even stop the HRT if this symptom persists despite the use of low doses. " 11/01/1996 - "The incidence of estrogen-related side effects was modest but greater in the active treatment groups than in the placebo group: Breast pain was reported in 4.5% of the patients in the 50-microgram/d group, 5.3% of patients in the 100-microgram/d group, and none of the patients in the placebo group. " 01/01/2018 - "She presented initially with CS and underwent right adrenalectomy; a few years later she presented with macromastia and mastodynia, possibly due to estrogen excess from her remaining left adrenocortical masses. " 01/01/1995 - "The most frequent adverse events were breast pain and under oral estrogen therapy, gastrointestinal complaints and weight increase. "
7.	Vitamin E FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2019 - "Effect of vitamin E on severity and duration of cyclic mastalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis." 11/01/2015 - "There was no significant difference in the mean of severity of cyclic mastalgia during one menstrual cycle before the intervention between the vitamin E and B6 groups (9.1 ± 2.1 and 8.4 ± 3.1, respectively), but the difference was significant during the first cycle (5.1 ± 1.6 and 5.2 ± 2.5, respectively) and the second menstrual cycle (2.3 ± 1.0 and 2.6 ± 2.0, respectively) in the two groups after the intervention. " 04/01/2010 - "Daily doses of 1,200 IU vitamin E, 3,000 mg EPO, or vitamin E and EPO in combination at these same dosages taken for six months may decrease the severity of cyclical mastalgia." 04/01/2010 - "The data were also analyzed with the separation test by Aickin, which showed a trend toward a reduction of cyclical mastalgia with vitamin E and EPO individually and in combination. " 04/01/2010 - "Results from two-sample t-test showed a nonsignificant decrease in cyclical mastalgia individually for the three treatment groups compared with the placebo group (EPO, p=0.18; vitamin E, p=0.10; and EPO plus vitamin E, p=0.16). "
8.	CentchromanIBA 07/01/2016 - "This study was conducted to evaluate the role of centchroman as a nonhormonal first-line treatment for moderate to severe mastalgia. " 07/01/2016 - "Centchroman as First-line Treatment for Mastalgia: Results of an Open-label, Single-arm Trial." 02/01/2019 - "It is therefore recommended to conduct well-designed RCTs to compare the effect of centchroman on mastalgia with that of a placebo or other medication." 02/01/2019 - "Since a meta-analysis could not be conducted and the quality of the papers was low, there was insufficient evidence to evaluate the effect of centchroman on mastalgia. " 02/01/2019 - "Of these, 12 showed a significant effect of centchroman in reducing breast pain at 3 months. "
9.	bicalutamide (Casodex)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2010 - "The overall tolerability of bicalutamide was consistent with previous analyses, with breast pain (73.7%) and gynaecomastia (68.8%) the most frequently reported adverse events in patients randomized to bicalutamide. " 05/01/2005 - "Gynaecomastia and breast pain are frequent adverse events with bicalutamide monotherapy, and might cause some patients to withdraw from treatment. " 06/01/2003 - "The adverse effects most frequently reported in the bicalutamide group were gynaecomastia and breast pain. " 12/01/2002 - "Although better tolerated, bicalutamide has significant problems with gynaecomastia and breast pain. " 01/01/2001 - "Side effects of bicalutamide were mostly gynaecomastia and breast pain, which is consistent with its pharmacology. "
10.	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)IBA 01/01/2018 - "Besides contraception, this SERM is also clinically useful in the management of DUB, mastalgia and fibroadenoma and has promising therapeutic efficacy in a variety of cancers including breast cancer. " 11/01/2009 - "Toremifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been shown to be effective in alleviating premenstrual breast pain. " 03/01/2013 - "We did a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of oral ormeloxifene 30 mg, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) or placebo twice a week for 3 months in 20-50-year-old women with breast pain with or without lumpiness. " 01/01/2022 - "Ormeloxifene, a SERM molecule manufactured by HLL Lifecare Ltd, India as birth control under the trade names Saheli, Novex, and Novex-DS which is also investigated against mastalgia, fibro-adenoma and abnormal uterine bleeding. " 03/01/2015 - "Centchroman (Ormeloxifene), a novel non-steroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has also been recently used in the management of mastalgia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/1999 - "Significant improvement in symptoms was seen in visual analog scores for mastalgia in months 1 (P =.03), 2 (P =.004), and 3 (P =.01) of the study during active therapy compared with placebo. " 02/01/2021 - "One evidence-based study with integrated yoga therapy should be considered in the management of cyclical mastalgia. " 02/01/2021 - "The purpose of the study was to conduct a review of alternative therapy in the management of mastalgia. " 12/01/2017 - "The aim of this study was to assess the various forms of therapy for treatment of breast-pain and the evidence for their effectiveness. " 10/01/2007 - "Several agents have been utilised for therapy of mastalgia based on data from small trials. "
2.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2020 - "Adverse changes (P < .001) in global BCTOS score and breast pain and arm function subscores were observed 6 months after radiation therapy, followed by improvement to near-baseline values at years 1 and 3. Adverse changes in BCTOS cosmetic subscore were also detected at 6 months (P < .001), with no significant improvement at 1 (P = .385) and 3 (P = .644) years. " 05/01/2005 - "Following radiotherapy, gynaecomastia improved or resolved in 7/27 (25.9%) and 2/27 (7.4%) cases, respectively, and breast pain improved or resolved in 12/38 (31.6%) and 3/38 (7.9%) cases, respectively. " 05/01/2012 - "However, studies have revealed a long-lasting breast pain among some women after radiotherapy. " 09/01/2021 - "Active smoking during HBOT and shorter time (i.e., median 17.5 vs. 22.0 months) since radiotherapy were associated with persistent breast pain after HBOT. " 12/01/2020 - "Among patients receiving conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, younger age (P < .001), higher BMI (P = .003), Black (P < .001) or other race (P = .002), diabetes (P = .001), smoking status (P < .001), and larger breast volume (P < .001) predicted breast pain. "
3.	Massage (Zone Therapy) 09/01/2019 - "The results of the analysis of 12 articles showed that hot and cold compresses, breast massage, and cabbage application were effective for postpartum breast pain and engorgement." 06/01/2012 - "These findings indicate that Oketani breast massage is effective in relieving breast pain and increasing breast milk pH as well as the sucking speed of neonates." 01/01/2022 - "Conclusion: Our study found circular and oscillating breast massage increased the amount of breast milk produced and decreased breast pain and swelling. " 06/01/2012 - "This study was done to test the effects of Oketani breast massage on breast pain and breast milk pH of mothers, and sucking speed of neonates. " 08/01/2014 - "Severe Breast Pain Resolved with Pectoral Muscle Massage."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2022 - "Rates of acute breast pain and impaired cosmetic outcome at 1 year were comparable in patients receiving chemotherapy before either CWBI or HWBI. " 12/04/2020 - "After six cycles of palliative chemotherapy, her left breast pain and swelling subsided; in addition, her serum CA12-5, CYFRA, and CEA levels normalized by April 2019. " 05/01/2012 - "Chemotherapy increased the occurrence of breast pain (RR 1.72; 95% CI 1.19-2.47). " 11/01/1994 - "Drug therapy of mastalgia. " 11/01/1989 - "The management of mastalgia consists of classification into its various patterns: reassurance, drug therapy for severe cases, and, rarely, surgery. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 09/17/2016 - "Breast pain was recorded in 21.6 % of the patients 6 months after treatment, while it was present in 3.5 % of the patients at the last follow-up, showing a significant improvement with time. " 01/01/2023 - "Post-treatment mastalgia is a common complaint in up to 68% of patients after treatment. " 08/01/2015 - "The scores of symptoms and physical signs, including the degree of breast pain, hardness and size of breast masses as well as the scores of general and supplementary symptoms were compared before and after treatment in the patients of the two groups. " 03/01/2014 - "Breast pain persisting for at least 5 years after treatment for BC is common. " 12/01/2005 - "Sixty percent of cyclic mastalgia recurs after treatment. "