Xanthine

A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Networked: 994 relevant articles (40 outcomes, 90 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Yeh, Jwu-Lai: 9 articles (01/2022 - 03/2010)
2.	Chen, Ing-Jun: 8 articles (09/2018 - 03/2010)
3.	Wu, Bin-Nan: 7 articles (01/2021 - 03/2010)
4.	Hsu, Jong-Hau: 6 articles (01/2022 - 03/2010)
5.	Nakamura, Takashi: 6 articles (01/2022 - 01/2019)
6.	Murase, Takayo: 5 articles (12/2021 - 01/2019)
7.	Dai, Zen-Kong: 5 articles (01/2021 - 03/2010)
8.	Liu, Chung-Pin: 5 articles (06/2020 - 03/2010)
9.	Casali, Emerson A: 4 articles (10/2018 - 06/2014)
10.	Martin, Richard J: 4 articles (01/2013 - 07/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma) 04/01/2006 - "Pediatricians and family physicians appeared to share similar opinions on the medical management of children with asthma in that both most commonly prescribed oral beta2-agonists and xanthine derivatives, either alone or in combination. " 08/01/1998 - "It is concluded that study of xanthine derivatives in asthmatics might help the development of asthma therapy. " 11/01/1994 - "Long-term xanthine therapy of asthma. " 11/30/1984 - "Theophylline remains the only xanthine useful for the treatment of asthma for the time being." 08/01/1987 - "Efficacy of enprofylline, a new bronchodilating xanthine, in acute asthma."
2.	Ischemia 12/01/1991 - "The possibility that this ischemia and reperfusion-induced damage can be reduced by preischemic application of a xanthine derivative (pentoxiphylline) was examined using 31P NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy (EM) studies of bioenergetic and ultrastructural changes in oxygenated erythrocyte-perfused rat livers. " 04/27/2002 - "Preconditioning reduced xanthine accumulation and conversion of XDH to XOD in liver during sustained ischemia. " 10/01/1993 - "Xanthine was the only biochemical where an increase appeared to correlate with ischemia duration while energy charge was of no value in indicating injury extent. " 02/01/1989 - "Xanthine level was still high 8 hours after ischemia and then rapidly decreased to the normal value at day 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 02/01/1989 - "In the ischemic hemisphere, xanthine increased up to 57.7 +/- 5.2 nmol/g tissue 2 hours after MCA occlusion and reached a maximum value of 59.42 +/- 4.91 nmol/g tissue 4 hours following the induction of ischemia. "
3.	Gout 10/01/1997 - "Gout due to xanthine derivatives." 04/10/2014 - "The determination of xanthine in meat indicates its freshness, while its level in serum/urine provides valuable information about diagnosis and medical management of certain metabolic disorders such as xanthinuria, hyperurecemia, gout and renal failure. " 06/01/2019 - "This study supplements previous researches by confirming that xanthine and hypoxanthine are significantly elevated in gout patients' serum especially in patients' with normouricemia, which supported xanthine and hypoxanthine may have clinical application for the diagnosis of gout." 06/01/2019 - "Study on the diagnosis of gout with xanthine and hypoxanthine." 04/01/2012 - "The xanthine oxydase inhibitor allopurinol is still the most used in the context of gout prevention. "
4.	Reperfusion Injury 10/01/2011 - "It has become apparent that XOR possesses multi-functional enzymatic activities outside the realm of xanthine metabolism and a small but significant literature also established a compelling functional association between administered sodium nitrite, XOR activation, and pharmacologically characterized NO transductive effects in positive cardiovascular function enhanced pulmonary perfusion, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and hypoxic damage and oxidative stress. " 08/01/1989 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible involvement of xanthine and xanthine oxidase in reperfusion injury in a low-flow, reflow model of liver perfusion. " 02/01/1998 - "However, this role for human XO is disputed due to its distinctive lack of activity towards xanthine, and the failure of allopurinol to suppress reperfusion injury. " 02/01/1989 - "Xanthine and hypoxanthine accumulation during storage may contribute to reperfusion injury following liver transplantation in the rat." 09/01/1997 - "We conclude that xanthine, through activation of a P2 purinoceptor, may contribute to myocardial arrhythmia occurring during ischemia-reperfusion injury."
5.	Lung Injury 04/27/2002 - "Preconditioning, by blocking the xanthine/XOD pathway for ROS generation, would confer protection against the liver and lung injuries induced by hepatic I/R." 01/01/1989 - "In the present study, the possible protective effects were examined of an analogue of pentoxifylline, HWA-138, a xanthine derivative, on lung injury in septic guinea-pigs. " 12/01/1999 - "This study was designed to clarify the role of intrapulmonary neutrophils in the development of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-induced lung injury in isolated buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. " 04/01/1995 - "Moreover, we determined the salutary effects of HWA 138, a new xanthine derivative, against endotoxin-related lung injury. " 06/01/1994 - "We investigated the role of free radicals, especially from activated neutrophils, in acute xanthine and xanthine oxidase-induced lung injury in rats. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Hypoxanthine
2.	Xanthine Oxidase
3.	Theophylline (Theon)
4.	Uric Acid (Urate)
5.	Pentoxifylline (Trental)
6.	propentofylline
7.	Adenosine (Adenocard)
8.	Reactive Oxygen Species (Oxygen Radicals)
9.	Antioxidants
10.	Inosine

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Kampo Medicine (Kampo)
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
4.	Ligation
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)