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Epilepsy (Aura)

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

Also Known As:

Aura; Epileptic Seizures; Auras; Epileptic Seizure; Seizure Disorder; Seizure Disorders; Epilepsies; Epilepsy, Cryptogenic; Seizures, Epileptic; Single Seizure; Cryptogenic Epilepsies; Cryptogenic Epilepsy; Epilepsies, Cryptogenic; Epilepsy, Awakening; Seizure, Epileptic; Seizure, Single; Seizures, Single; Single Seizures; Awakening Epilepsy

Networked: 18491 relevant articles (1063 outcomes, 2441 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 4693
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 1277
  - Brain Diseases: 1548
    - Epilepsy: 18491

Related Diseases

1.	Seizures (Seizure)
2.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
3.	Epilepsy (Aura)
4.	Partial Epilepsies (Epilepsy, Partial)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Löscher, Wolfgang: 34 articles (12/2012 - 01/2002)
2.	Cavalheiro, Esper A: 31 articles (10/2012 - 03/2002)
3.	Elger, Christian E: 30 articles (10/2012 - 01/2002)
4.	Perucca, Emilio: 30 articles (01/2012 - 01/2002)
5.	Kossoff, Eric H: 26 articles (07/2012 - 02/2002)
6.	Brodie, Martin J: 23 articles (12/2012 - 03/2002)
7.	Sander, Josemir W: 22 articles (12/2012 - 01/2005)
8.	Scorza, Fulvio A: 22 articles (10/2012 - 05/2007)
9.	Boon, Paul: 22 articles (04/2012 - 04/2002)
10.	Devinsky, Orrin: 20 articles (10/2012 - 01/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Epilepsy:

1.	Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)IBA 01/03/2012 - "We retrospectively examined treatment records of developmentally disabled adults with highly refractory epilepsy to determine whether any combinations of 8 of the most commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) possessed superior efficacy. " 03/01/2006 - "The availability of ten new antiepileptic drugs since the late 1980s has not dramatically improved the outcome of refractory epilepsy. " 01/19/1998 - "In spite of some 30 years of 'modern' neuroscientific epilepsy research, most novel, clinically effective second generation anticonvulsants have been found by screening (i.e. " 12/01/1993 - "The increasing availability of new antiepileptic drugs coupled with the increasing success of epilepsy surgery has dramatically improved the life of many children with epilepsy." 08/01/1996 - "The ability to measure the serum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs, and the widespread use of this procedure, has markedly improved the treatment given to patients with epilepsy during the past 3 decades. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Valproic Acid (Valproate, Semisodium)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "The efficacy of sodium valproate for the treatment of most types of epilepsy has been demonstrated extensively and this drug remains the mainstay of treatment for many clinical situations. " 01/01/2001 - "The highest efficiency of depakine was achieved in idiopathic forms of epilepsy (complete remission--in 74% of the cases) and, therefore, depakine can be used as a monotherapy. " 06/01/2000 - "DEVELOPMENT: We review the adverse effects and emphasize the need to attain the desired dose after a slow, progressive increase in dosage, particularly when it is associated with valproic acid, since this therapeutic combination is very effective in refractory epilepsies. " 01/01/2009 - "In the second section we review the results of animal research, which could be beneficial in assessing the effects of valproate and epilepsy." 08/01/1994 - "A girl with intractable epilepsy who received high dose valproic acid showed bone marrow suppression, which improved after the end of valproic acid treatment and the administration of supportive treatments. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	lamotrigine (Lamictal)FDA LinkGeneric 12/16/2001 - "The new anti-epileptic drugs have a major therapeutic advantage, not only in the management of epilepsy in different clinical situations, but also in the good results observed when using lamotrigine in patients of fertile age." 03/01/1998 - "Lamotrigine (LTG) is a valuable addition to the medical management of epilepsy with wide spectrum of efficacy and good outcomes for quality of life. " 02/01/1998 - "Lamotrigine as add-on treatment (500 mg per day) is effective in patients with refractory epilepsy, but its high cost requires a pharmacoeconomic analysis. " 12/01/2012 - "Overall, lamotrigine is effective and safe in children with refractory epilepsy." 01/01/2000 - "On the other hand, Lamotrigine seems to be more effective in patients with partial epileptic seizures with secondary generalization." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Carbamazepine (Tegretol)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2010 - "Compared with a 3.4% malformation incidence in women who took no AEDs (N = 118), the incidences for LTG (N = 243), carbamazepine (CBZ) (N = 302) and VPA (N = 224) were, respectively, 4.9%, 5.3% and 15.2%, the latter statistically significantly greater than the risk for no AED therapy in pregnant women with epilepsy. " 01/01/1985 - "Because of the favorable anticonvulsant and psychotropic efficacy of carbamazepine in the present study, coupled with the lack of serious side effects, it is recommended that the drug deserves wider use in African children with seizure disorders." 02/01/2006 - "Carbamazepine would appear to be a cost-effective treatment for epilepsy in certain contexts, although evidence from a prospective, randomized, controlled trial is awaited and this assertion may not be true for certain patient subgroups, or in developing world health services. " 09/01/1983 - "Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant agent that has been found clinically useful in the treatment of refractory seizure disorders. " 01/01/2012 - "Whether VGB monotherapy is an effective and safe treatment compared with the standard antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy for epilepsy has not been systematically reviewed. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	topiramate (Topamax)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "Significant improvement in frontal lobe associated neuropsychological functions after withdrawal of topiramate in epilepsy patients." 03/15/1998 - "Topiramate may also be effective against partial-onset epilepsy and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children, but more pediatric studies are needed. " 07/01/2007 - "In terms of remission, Topamax was more effective in adolescents, youths and adults than in younger children, and this pattern was also seen in the treatment of symptomatic epilepsy. " 10/01/2006 - "With its established efficacy for epilepsy treatment and its increased use for other disorders, topiramate-positive findings are more common in death-investigation and human-performance casework. " 09/01/2012 - "We therefore studied the efficacy and safety of topiramate (TPM), which is a drug that is indicated to be effective for intractable childhood epilepsy, for ES. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	etiracetam (levetiracetam)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2010 - "Levetiracetam was well tolerated at the doses studied, and appears most effective in single seizure events." 05/01/2008 - "Levetiracetam treatment was safe and effective in this group of very young patients with various types of epilepsy." 01/01/2011 - "The results of the study revealed the high efficacy of levetiracetam as an add-on treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children. " 08/01/2005 - "Fast and sustained efficacy of levetiracetam during titration and the first 3 months of treatment in refractory epilepsy." 02/01/2003 - "Evidence for sustained efficacy of levetiracetam as add-on epilepsy therapy." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Vigabatrin FDA Link 02/01/2012 - "Vigabatrin was effective for refractory childhood partial-onset epilepsy, and was not associated with symptomatic vision loss." 02/01/1993 - "Vigabatrin has been effective in patients with refractory epilepsy. " 01/01/1989 - "6. Vigabatrin thus appears to be a safe antiepileptic drug that may be effective in the treatment of severe epilepsy in children." 09/01/1994 - "To determine the efficacy of a new anti-epileptic medication vigabatrin in adults and children with drug-resistant epilepsy. " 11/01/1994 - "This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of vigabatrin in children with epilepsy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)IBA 02/01/1993 - "Previous studies have shown significantly greater GABA levels and numbers of GABAergic neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICCN) of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-9s). " 05/01/2004 - "It is suggested that subacute electrical stimulation of PHC is more effective in patients with less severe epilepsy, an effect associated with a high GABA tissue content and a low rate of cell loss." 02/01/1996 - "The primary mechanism by which the action of synaptically released GABA is thought to be terminated is by re-uptake into neurones and glial cells, and the pharmacological inhibition of this uptake may be beneficial in conditions where decreased GABAergic transmission has been implicated, such as epilepsy. " 01/01/1991 - "In recent years considerable emphasis has been placed on the hypothesis that enhancement of GABA transmission could be beneficial in some types of epilepsy. " 07/01/1986 - "The iontophoretic dose (current) of GABA required to suppress neuronal firing in the epilepsy-prone rat was significantly greater than that required in neurons of the normal rat. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	gabapentin (Neurontin)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1997 - "Although the spectrum of efficacy of gabapentin remains to be determined, it is likely to have a major beneficial impact on the treatment of childhood epilepsy." 01/12/2005 - "Gabapentin at a dosage of 1200 mg/d is safe and effective in treatment of epilepsy." 10/01/1998 - "Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug not appreciably metabolized by the liver in humans, and it appears to be safe and effective in the maintenance therapy of epilepsy in these patients. " 01/12/2005 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of gabapentin in treatment of refractory epilepsy. " 12/01/2003 - "Limited efficacy of gabapentin in severe therapy-resistant epilepsies of learning-disabled patients." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Phenytoin (Dilantin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1980 - "Many medications and combinations of medications are available for the control of epilepsy, but phenytoin continues to be the most effective agent for most patients. " 08/01/1986 - "Phenytoin is a major anticonvulsant drug that is very effective in controlling a wide variety of seizure disorders while impairing neurological function little, if at all. " 09/01/1976 - "Our observations carried out in a meaningful sample of epileptic patients suggest that at present the practice of monitoring diphenylhydantoin plasma levels is still an essential tool for the management of epilepsy when a safe and effective therapeutic regimen is required." 01/01/1984 - "Single-dose intravenous phenytoin is both effective and safe in the treatment and prevention of epileptic seizures in pediatric patients." 11/09/2011 - "We have recently shown that repeated administration of the AED phenytoin allows selecting resistant and responsive rats from the amygdala kindling model of epilepsy, providing a tool to study mechanisms of AED resistance. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Ketogenic Diet 01/01/2012 - "The most notable example of a dietary treatment with proven efficacy against a neurological condition is the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) used in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. " 05/01/2011 - "The ketogenic diet remains one of the most effective treatments for medically refractory childhood epilepsy. " 11/01/2008 - "The ketogenic diet (KD) has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of drug-resistant childhood epilepsy. " 08/01/2007 - "Although highly effective for the treatment of intractable epilepsy, the ketogenic diet is not always included in the treatment option hierarchy presented to families, in part due to perceptions that children will find the high-fat/low-carbohydrate regimen unpalatable. " 03/01/1999 - "Ketogenic diet (KD) is highly effective in controlling epileptic seizures in children. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Vagus Nerve Stimulation 04/01/2009 - "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an alternative treatment for patients with medically refractory epilepsy, who are unsuitable candidates for conventional epilepsy surgery, or who have had such surgery without optimal outcome. " 01/01/2009 - "The efficacy of surgery ranges from curative (resection) to palliative (vagus nerve stimulation, callosotomy, multiple subpial transections) depending on the epilepsy syndrome and etiology. " 07/01/2008 - "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is effective in treating catastrophic 1 epilepsy in very young children." 01/01/1999 - "Vagus nerve stimulation is a novel treatment for patients with medically refractory epilepsy, who are not candidates for conventional epilepsy surgery, or who have had such surgery without optimal outcome. " 01/01/2012 - "Although in limited group of patients the study confirms good results of surgical treatment of selected posttraumatic epilepsy patients--mainly temporal epilepsy patients and patients after vagus nerve stimulation. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2007 - "Since individuals with refractory epilepsy do not share a common reason for their treatment resistance, the use of targeted drug therapies may be our best option for improving treatment outcomes in this patient population. " 01/23/1996 - "Despite all advances in drug therapy, the number of epilepsy patients not satisfactorily treatable with drug therapy has not been dramatically reduced statistically, so that the other two pillars of epilepsy therapy, i.e. " 12/01/2012 - "Therefore, a behavioral therapy proven to be effective in epilepsy could be a valuable adjunct to current pharmacotherapy. " 01/01/1986 - "Alternative single-drug therapy is beneficial for chronic refractory epilepsy and should be considered before a second drug is permanently added." 11/01/2001 - "These issues have implications for the management of young women with epilepsy in general, since major changes in drug therapy and other attempts to reduce the teratogenic risks should be accomplished before conception in order to be effective and safe." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet (Low Carbohydrate Diet) 02/01/2006 - "A modified Atkins diet is effective for the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy." 11/01/2010 - "The Atkins diet can be considered as a safe and effective alternative therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. " 05/01/2009 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of the modified Atkins diet given to children and adolescents with antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment resistant epilepsy. " 11/01/2010 - "Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified Atkins diet in children with intractable childhood epilepsy. " 11/01/2010 - "Efficacy of the Atkins diet as therapy for intractable epilepsy in children." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Electrodes (Electrode) 06/01/2010 - "To date, only one implantation method has been reported to be safe and effective for placing HG electrodes in a large series of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. " 11/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to report the safety and efficacy of tailored cortical resection based on image guided subdural electrode implantations in eight patients with medically refractory epilepsy. " 06/01/1993 - "We performed this study to determine the efficacy of continuous lumbar cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drainage in controlling CSF leak during subdural strip electrode monitoring of epilepsy patients. " 12/01/2001 - "However, because almost a half of the patients are normal on MRI, FDG PET and ictal SPECT are helpful for localization or at least for lateralization in these non-lesional epilepsies in order to guide the subdural insertion of electrodes. " 08/01/1996 - "To determine the indications for, efficacy of, and safety of depth electrode placement using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotactic surgery in patients with intractable epilepsy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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