Prolonged Grief Disorder

Severe and disabling grief reactions that do not remit in the 12 months after the death of a significant other. The core of the diagnosis includes persistent yearning or missing the deceased, and preoccupation with the circumstance of the death. (Carmassi, Clinical Handbook of Bereavement and Grief Reactions, 2018)

Also Known As:

Networked: 298 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 63 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
2.	Mood Disorders (Mood Disorder)
3.	Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depressive Disorders)
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Prolonged Grief Disorder

Experts

1.	Boelen, Paul A: 46 articles (05/2022 - 12/2007)
2.	Prigerson, Holly G: 28 articles (06/2022 - 12/2007)
3.	Lenferink, Lonneke I M: 17 articles (11/2022 - 01/2017)
4.	Maercker, Andreas: 14 articles (04/2022 - 08/2009)
5.	Smid, Geert E: 14 articles (01/2021 - 01/2016)
6.	Rosner, Rita: 13 articles (05/2022 - 01/2014)
7.	Djelantik, A A A Manik J: 10 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
8.	Killikelly, Clare: 9 articles (04/2022 - 01/2017)
9.	Eisma, Maarten C: 9 articles (03/2022 - 01/2015)
10.	Kersting, Anette: 8 articles (04/2022 - 01/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Prolonged Grief Disorder:

1.	Prostaglandins DIBA 01/01/2023 - "Internet-based psychological interventions have proven effective in the treatment of prolonged grief disorder (PGD). " 09/01/2015 - "While some intervention trials have demonstrated efficacy in treating prolonged grief disorder (PGD), data on long-term treatment effects are scarce. " 10/01/2014 - "This trial assessed the feasibility, acceptability, tolerability, and efficacy of an Internet-based therapist-assisted cognitive-behavioral indicated prevention intervention for prolonged grief disorder (PGD) called Healthy Experiences After Loss (HEAL). " 10/01/2023 - "This study evaluated whether COVID-19-specific risk factors (e.g., feeling guilty for not being present with the deceased at the time of the loss and feeling emotionally distant from the deceased prior to the loss) were associated with prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptomatology or diagnosis among young adults bereaved due to any cause (e.g., illness and violent loss). " 10/01/2023 - "This study was the first to assess levels of ICD-11 PGD symptoms as measured by the International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS), a self-report scale directly aligned with the ICD-11 definition of PGD, among the United Kingdom adult general population, and identify correlates. "
2.	Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)IBA 06/21/2023 - "Qualitative accounts of psychedelic experiences after bereavement reveal themes that parallel core components of prolonged grief disorder therapy. " 01/01/2023 - "Psychedelics and related compounds have shown efficacy for the treatment of a variety of conditions that are prevalent among older adults, including mood disorders, the psychological distress associated with a serious medical illness, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and prolonged grief disorder. "
3.	Naltrexone (ReVia)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2021 - "Naltrexone treatment for prolonged grief disorder: study protocol for a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial."
4.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "This study expands on previous research by examining the effects of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptoms and bereavement on diurnal cortisol patterns above and beyond depressive symptomatology. "
5.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 10/01/2020 - "Circulating eCB measures may have the potential to serve as biomarkers of prolonged grief disorder."
6.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 01/01/2023 - "In contrast to the DSM-IV-TR, in which updates were confined almost exclusively to the text, the DSM-5-TR includes many other changes and enhancements of interest to practicing clinicians, such as the addition of diagnostic categories (prolonged grief disorder, stimulant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder, unspecified mood disorder, and a category to indicate the absence of a diagnosis); the provision of ICD-10-CM symptom codes for reporting suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior; modifications, mostly for clarity, of the diagnostic criteria for more than 70 disorders; and updates in terminology (e.g., replacing "neuroleptic medications" with "antipsychotic medications or other dopamine receptor blocking agents" throughout the text and replacing "desired gender" with "experienced gender" in the text for gender dysphoria). "
7.	Dopamine Receptors (Dopamine Receptor)IBA 01/01/2023 - "In contrast to the DSM-IV-TR, in which updates were confined almost exclusively to the text, the DSM-5-TR includes many other changes and enhancements of interest to practicing clinicians, such as the addition of diagnostic categories (prolonged grief disorder, stimulant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder, unspecified mood disorder, and a category to indicate the absence of a diagnosis); the provision of ICD-10-CM symptom codes for reporting suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior; modifications, mostly for clarity, of the diagnostic criteria for more than 70 disorders; and updates in terminology (e.g., replacing "neuroleptic medications" with "antipsychotic medications or other dopamine receptor blocking agents" throughout the text and replacing "desired gender" with "experienced gender" in the text for gender dysphoria). "
8.	4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone (HADS)IBA 02/17/2023 - "The ROC curve analysis showed that the HADS-D was outstanding in categorizing individuals with prolonged grief disorder from those without PGD. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/08/2015 - "Efficacy of metacognitive therapy for prolonged grief disorder: protocol for a randomised controlled trial." 06/01/2022 - "The efficacy of complicated grief therapy for DSM-5-TR prolonged grief disorder." 09/01/2011 - "Risk factors for severe grief reactions, specifically prolonged grief disorder, are examined, as are the efficacy of various interventions, including staff support, psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, group therapy, and Internet interventions. " 03/27/2023 - "A Web-Based Therapist Training Tutorial on Prolonged Grief Disorder Therapy: Pre-Post Assessment Study." 01/01/2023 - "Narrative reconstruction therapy for prolonged grief disorder: Basic interventions and mechanisms of change."
2.	Palliative Care (Palliative Therapy) 01/01/2022 - "Toward a preventive approach to prolonged grief disorder in palliative care: Insecure attachment moderates the impact of perceived support on the severity of symptoms." 01/01/2020 - "Based on this, individually tailored psychosocial interventions, possibly in the palliative care context, might be developed to prevent prolonged grief disorder." 01/01/2018 - "Attitudes of palliative care clinical staff toward prolonged grief disorder diagnosis and grief interventions." 09/01/2012 - "The six participants who met the criteria for prolonged grief disorder accessed palliative care at a later stage in the disease trajectory. " 01/01/2016 - "No significant treatment effects were found on the BDI-II. Family-focused therapy delivered to high-risk families during palliative care and continued into bereavement reduced the severity of complicated grief and the development of prolonged grief disorder."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 05/01/2023 - "Data collection before and after treatment included a brief screening measure, demographic information on each youth, and the Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Checklist, scored according to multidimensional grief theory (Layne et al., 2017). " 01/01/2021 - "Compared with supportive counseling, CBT Grief-Help resulted in significantly greater reductions in prolonged grief disorder symptoms at all posttreatment assessments, and it was more successful in alleviating depression, PTSD symptoms, and internalizing problems 6 and 12 months after treatment. " 01/01/2021 - "Children and adolescents completed measures of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and their parents or caretakers completed measures of their children's problem behavior before treatment, immediately after treatment, and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. "
4.	Hospice Care (Care, Bereavement) 02/01/2022 - "Whether the diagnosis of Prolonged Grief Disorder has led to changes in bereavement care is currently analyzed in the second survey phase of the study." 01/01/2021 - "This aims of this longitudinal study were to identify the risk factors of and depressive mood in caregivers who received hospice care 6 months after their patients' death, and the cutoff pint of the bereavement risk index, as well as, the prevalence of persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD). " 01/01/2021 - "Depressive mood and its risk factors, and persistent complex bereavement disorder among caregivers who received hospice care: A longitudinal study."
5.	Terminal Care (Care, Terminal) 11/01/2010 - "Fifty-eight parents completed standardized self-report questionnaires measuring prolonged grief disorder (Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised [ICG-R]) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition [BDI-II]) and participated in structured interviews designed to elicit their perceptions of their child's end-of-life care and burden of illness. " 09/01/2020 - "Following patients' deaths, we assessed bereaved caregivers' experiences with end-of-life cancer care (Quality of Death; Peace, Equanimity, and Acceptance in the Cancer Experience [PEACE]; Caregiver Evaluation of the Quality of End-of-Life Care [CEQUEL]; and modified Decision Regret scales) and psychological adjustment (Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 and Purpose in Life scales). "