Anosmia

Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. Loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES, viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., COVID-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., ALZHEIMER DISEASE).

Also Known As:

Networked: 1099 relevant articles (70 outcomes, 119 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Anosmia
2.	COVID-19
3.	Nasal Obstruction
4.	Headache (Headaches)
5.	Rhinorrhea

Experts

1.	Hummel, Thomas: 19 articles (10/2022 - 01/2008)
2.	Henkin, Robert I: 16 articles (03/2022 - 01/2002)
3.	Pitteloud, Nelly: 16 articles (01/2020 - 09/2002)
4.	Crowley, William F: 9 articles (01/2022 - 09/2002)
5.	Quinton, Richard: 9 articles (01/2021 - 04/2002)
6.	Dwyer, Andrew: 8 articles (01/2020 - 09/2002)
7.	Raivio, Taneli: 7 articles (01/2020 - 02/2007)
8.	Hummel, T: 7 articles (12/2017 - 03/2001)
9.	Dodé, Catherine: 7 articles (01/2017 - 01/2005)
10.	Hardelin, Jean-Pierre: 7 articles (01/2017 - 01/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Anosmia:

1.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 10/01/2023 - "Medical treatment (intranasal corticosteroids) has a minor but significant improvement in MNO subjective outcomes (NO, NOSE, and CQ7) with no changes in loss of smell and objective outcomes. " 10/01/2022 - "COCOS trial: COrticosteroids for COVID-19-induced loss of Smell-protocol for a single-centred, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial." 01/01/2020 - "Oral Corticosteroid Relieves Post-COVID-19 Anosmia in a 35-Year-Old Patient." 01/01/2019 - "Any treatment for the latter, including oral and injective corticosteroids, was unsuccessful in the loss of smell. " 04/01/1997 - "Topical corticosteroid treatment of anosmia associated with nasal and sinus disease."
2.	Theophylline (Theon)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2009 - "Theophylline was effective in improving smell function in patients with smell loss. " 03/01/2017 - "Since treatment with oral theophylline has been previously associated with improvement in smell function we wished to study if such treatment increased nasal mucus Shh as well as improved smell function in patients with hyposmia. " 06/01/2009 - "An open-label controlled trial of theophylline for treatment of patients with hyposmia." 07/01/1999 - "Similar studies were obtained in two patients with hyposmia using FLASH MRI and in one patient with hyposmia using echo planar imaging, both before and after theophylline treatment, which returned smell function to or toward normal in each patient. " 09/01/2016 - "Smell function has been initiated with theophylline treatment in 63% of patients with Type II congenital smell loss. "
3.	dupilumabIBA 11/01/2023 - "At 3 and 12 months, patients undergoing ESS achieved a higher reduction of NPS and mLKS, while patients receiving dupilumab experienced a higher improvement at SNOT-22 and SSIT with a greater positive variation in the prevalence of anosmia (- 57.7% vs - 42.9%) and normosmia (+ 37.8 vs + 28.5%). " 06/01/2023 - "For the loss of smell scores, a greater improvement was observed in the Dupilumab cohort compared with other biologics and even ESS counterparts. " 04/01/2021 - "The effect size of dupilumab on both patient relevant and patient irrelevant parameters of smell loss are clearly significant and reflect the clinical experience of major reduction of smell impairment in treated patients. " 03/01/2023 - "Newer targeted biologic therapies, such as dupilumab, have also shown remarkable and durable improvement in smell loss for CRSwNP patients. " 12/01/2022 - "Computational fluid dynamic modeling of the effect of dupilumab in the management of anosmia secondary to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)."
4.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2020 - "Hence, the current study investigated sex- and age-related effects on the prevalence of specific anosmia in children/adolescents aged 5-14 years (n = 800) to non-steroid odorants. " 10/01/2010 - "Our study showed that oral steroid treatment might improve olfactory acuity in some patients with posttraumatic anosmia, but the possibility of spontaneous recovery cannot be ruled out." 10/01/2010 - "The objective of this study was to treat posttraumatic anosmia with oral steroid and evaluate its effect. " 10/01/2021 - "Selected CRSwNP patients (n=140), with hyposmia, were devided into two groups; group A received a 7-day course of oral steroids with a 12-weeks course of nasal steroids and douching; group B received a 12-weeks course of nasal steroids and douching. " 11/01/2020 - "Control, anosmia, training, and steroid groups resumed food-finding. "
5.	Nasal SpraysIBA 04/01/2007 - "These outcomes fail to support the claims from recent clinical case reports that use of a ZG-containing nasal spray can produce anosmia." 01/01/2022 - "This is the first trial to assess the potential value of using local ivermectin in the form of a mucoadhesive nanosuspension nasal spray to treat post-COVID-19 anosmia. " 01/01/2022 - "Possible Role of Ivermectin Mucoadhesive Nanosuspension Nasal Spray in Recovery of Post-COVID-19 Anosmia." 01/01/2022 - "Following the first week of ivermectin nanosuspension mucoadhesive nasal spray therapy, the ivermectin group had a significantly higher percentage of anosmia recovery (59.2%) than the placebo group (27.7%), p˂ 0.01, with no significant differences in recovery rates between the two groups at 1, 2, and 3 months of follow up, p˃0.05. " 01/01/2021 - "Local use of ivermectin mucoadhesive nanosuspension nasal spray is safe and effective in treatment of patients with mild COVID-19 with rapid viral clearance and shortening the anosmia duration. "
6.	Budesonide (Pulmicort)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2023 - "Local budesonide efficacy was not demonstrated for persistent hyposmia related to COVID-19." 02/01/2023 - "Anosmia may be managed and potentially resolved sooner with a combination therapy of olfactory training and budesonide irrigation of the nasal cavity. " 07/20/2020 - "Efficacy of local budesonide therapy in the management of persistent hyposmia in COVID-19 patients without signs of severity: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." 11/01/2023 - "We assessed the efficacy of local budesonide in addition to olfactory rehabilitation when managing non-severe COVID-19 patients with persistent hyposmia. " 11/01/2023 - "Local budesonide therapy in the management of persistent hyposmia in suspected non-severe COVID-19 patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial."
7.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2011 - "The mean decrease in hyposmia score from baseline to 2 weeks was 31.12 mm (SD, 30.1) in the prednisolone group and 1.41 mm (SD, 30.6) in the placebo group (mean difference between groups, -28.33 mm [CI, -42.71 to -13.96 mm]; P = 0.002). " 10/01/2022 - "We will conduct a single-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy of a short high-dose treatment of oral prednisolone for persistent loss of smell after COVID-19 in the early phase. " 04/01/1992 - "On day 3 of oral prednisolone (PD), anosmia abruptly improved from day 7, eyelid swelling, cervical lymphadenopathy and gammopathy subsided gradually. " 01/01/2014 - "Some noncognitive symptoms such as constipation, RBD, hyposmia and postural dizziness can predate the onset of memory impairment by several years in DLB. " 09/01/1992 - "Bilateral anosmia and other disease manifestations completely responded to treatment with oral cyclophosphamide and prednisolone."
8.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 05/01/2008 - "Although glucocorticoid is sometimes used for the treatment of anosmia, it has been reported that it potentiated neural damage in the early phase of treatment. " 09/29/2021 - "COVID-19-induced anosmia can be treated with various approaches such as glucocorticoids and olfactory training. " 09/01/2003 - "To compare the effect on olfaction of topical glucocorticoid treatment versus placebo given for an extended period in addition to oral short-term glucocorticoids in patients with anosmia/hyposmia. " 09/01/2003 - "In patients with anosmia/hyposmia partly caused by local inflammation, no further improvement in the olfactory threshold is achieved by continuing with a topical intranasal glucocorticoid after an initial combined topical and systemic glucocorticoid treatment." 09/01/2009 - "The results of nasal glucocorticoid (MFNS) continuously used for 12 weeks demonstrated: (1) After treatment, the nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, nasal obstruction related dizziness, headache, hyposmia, daily life activity, whole body fatigue, mental status were significantly improved (P < 0.05). "
9.	Omalizumab (Xolair)FDA Link 08/07/2023 - "After 4 months of treatment with omalizumab, the experimental group showed significant improvements in VAS scores for nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, hyposmia, SNOT-22 score, and Lund-Kennedy score (3.11±1.05 vs 6.44±1.13, 2.00±0.87 vs 6.55±1.33, 2.22±0.67 vs 7.00±1.22, 4.44±0.88 vs 15.22±1.20, 1.67±1.00 vs 7.44±0.88, respectively, all P<0.001). " 01/01/2021 - "In the intent-to-treat population, dupilumab had significantly greater improvements from baseline to week 24 versus omalizumab across key outcomes: NPS (least squares mean difference [95% confidence interval], -1.04 [-1.63 to -0.44]), NC (-0.35 [-0.60 to -0.11]), loss of smell (-0.66 [-0.90 to -0.42]), University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (6.70 [4.67-8.73]), and total symptom score (-1.18 [-1.95 to -0.41]). " 09/01/2023 - "Although both biologics resulted in a significant improvement in the respiratory parameters, omalizumab treatment resulted in a significant improvement in nasal parameters except hyposmia, mepolizumab treatment resulted in a significant improvement only in posterior rhinitis, and nasal obstruction among the nasal parameters. " 09/01/2023 - "Subsequently, patients who were found to have N-ERD were analyzed using visual analog scale (VAS) in terms of the changes in their nasal parameters (ie, nasal obstruction, facial pain, anterior-posterior rhinitis, and hyposmia), according to whether they use omalizumab or mepolizumab. "
10.	ZincIBA 02/01/2021 - "A better understanding of the clinical implications of baseline systemic zinc deficiency on anosmia and nasal immune responses may allow the development of new treatment strategies to slow down or stop the systemic invasion of SARS-CoV-2." 04/15/2013 - "Here, we compared the nocturnal versus diurnal homing schedule of birds treated with zinc sulphate (to induce a reversible but complete anosmia) with that of controls. " 06/01/2012 - "There was a trend toward improvement over time in all groups, except in the zinc group where there was a nonsignificant worsening in loss of smell over time. " 07/01/2010 - "The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc-induced anosmia: a causality analysis." 12/01/2009 - "Our data suggest that adult birds treated with zinc sulphate to produce anosmia were unable to show the same orientation as control adults, and instead reverted to a direction similar to that shown by juveniles making their first migration. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Olfactory Training 01/01/2021 - "Is Olfactory Training Effective Treatment for Postinfectious Smell Loss?" 01/01/2007 - "Quantification of decrements in orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function can be used to characterize the severity of hyposmia and to assess the potential for, and efficacy of, olfactory rehabilitation. " 01/01/2020 - "Such hyposmia can be improved by regular olfactory training (OT) over several months. " 07/18/2023 - "An online questionnaire containing an informed consent form and a survey to collect demographic data, vaccination status, level of loss of smell and taste, and the level of awareness about olfactory training (OT) was distributed among all participants who agreed to participate in this study. " 11/01/2019 - "This study investigates the effect of olfactory training on odor identification in patients with traumatic anosmia. "
2.	Therapeutics 10/01/2020 - "Structured exposure to odors is an acknowledged therapy in patients with smell loss but has also been shown to be effective in depression. " 01/01/2021 - "Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma as an Adjuvant Therapy to Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Anosmia Patients with Sinonasal Polyposis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." 12/01/2014 - "Our aim was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the efficacy of medical therapies on objective and subjective hyposmia among patients with CRSwNP. " 03/01/2023 - "We evaluated the most recent evidence from studies on the mechanisms behind smell loss in CRSwNP and the impact of medical and surgical therapy for CRS on olfactory outcomes. " 01/13/2023 - "This study evaluated COVID-19-related smell loss and MS-related smell loss, comparing the responses to different therapies. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 07/01/1999 - "After treatment, in patients with hyposmia in whom smell acuity returned to or toward normal, brain activation in response to odor imagination was not significantly different quantitatively from that before treatment; however, brain activation in response to the actual odor was significantly greater than that in response to imagination of the corresponding odor. " 11/01/2013 - "Three months after treatment, 13.0% were diagnosed as hyposmia, with 7 cases for slight and 6 cases for moderate disorder (χ(2) = 10.44, P = 0.005). " 03/01/2006 - "Although she got almost complete recovery from most symptoms after treatment, she noted acute onset complete anosmia 3 weeks after the onset of her first symptom. " 01/01/2021 - "After treatment, the symptom relief time of nasal congestion and runny nose, hyposmia, mucosal edema, and vesicle disappearance in the study group was shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.05). " 08/01/2013 - "Mean VAS scores of nasal obstruction, headache, rhinorrhoea and anosmia after treatment were significantly lower than that at baseline. "
4.	Craniotomy 01/01/2020 - "Unilateral endoscopic craniectomy can be performed for limited lesions to avoid definitive anosmia. " 11/01/2010 - "Neurosurgical consultation ascertained that removal via bifrontal craniotomy would necessitate extensive brain retraction and result in permanent anosmia. " 12/01/2005 - "Anosmia was the most frequent permanent complication (n = 5), seen after craniotomy. " 08/01/1999 - "Two patients with hyposmia caused by an intracranial tumour recovered olfactory functions after craniotomy. " 01/01/2011 - "Over the past two decades, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) leak repair has advanced from open invasive intracranial approaches to transnasal endoscopic ones that avoid the traditional morbidities of frontal craniotomy approaches--such as anosmia, intracranial haemorrhage or oedema, seizures, memory deficiencies, and behaviour disorders--reducing morbidity, reducing hospitalisation times and accelerating return to work, and therefore cutting indirect costs. "
5.	Pinealectomy 01/01/1982 - "Pinealectomy tended to reverse the effects of blinding and anosmia on pars distalis size and PRL cell size, apparent number and ultrastructure. " 01/01/1975 - "At sacrifice of the castrates, pituitary FSH and LH concentrations were not modified by pinealectomy, however they were elevated by anosmia or by the double sensory-deprivation. " 01/01/1975 - "Similarly, final levels of FSH and LH were further increased in castrates by blinding, anosmia or blinding plus anosmia, but these changes were not consistently modified by pinealectomy. " 01/01/1975 - "Blinding plus anosmia lowered both daytime and nocturnal FSH titers; the lowering of nocturnal levels was reversed by pinealectomy. " 01/01/1975 - "Either anosmia or blinding elevated nocturnal FSH and had a tendency to elevate nocturnal LH titers- effects which were only inconstantly modified by pinealectomy. "