Gender Dysphoria

A marked difference between the individual’s expressed/experienced gender and the gender others would assign to the individual, and it must continue for at least six months. (from DSM-5)

Also Known As:

Networked: 531 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 38 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Gender Dysphoria
2.	Precocious Puberty
3.	Hyperandrogenism
4.	Hirsutism
5.	Mood Disorders (Mood Disorder)

Experts

1.	Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T: 13 articles (12/2020 - 05/2011)
2.	T'Sjoen, Guy: 7 articles (01/2022 - 03/2009)
3.	Masumori, Naoya: 7 articles (01/2021 - 05/2009)
4.	Hannema, Sabine E: 7 articles (12/2020 - 10/2016)
5.	Kreukels, Baudewijntje P C: 7 articles (01/2020 - 05/2011)
6.	Gómez-Gil, Esther: 6 articles (01/2020 - 01/2015)
7.	Lobato, Maria Inês Rodrigues: 5 articles (01/2022 - 09/2016)
8.	den Heijer, Martin: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
9.	Schwarz, Karine: 5 articles (11/2021 - 09/2016)
10.	Monstrey, Stan: 5 articles (06/2021 - 11/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gender Dysphoria:

1.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 04/01/2017 - "We show that gender reassignment can be a safe and effective treatment for gender dysphoria with counselling, exogenous hormones and surgery being the mainstay of treatment. " 01/01/2018 - "The purpose of this study was to examine the physiologic impact of hormones on youth with gender dysphoria. " 10/01/2016 - "The present study examined: (1) gender and age differences of mean gender identity disorder (GID) trait scores in Japanese twins; (2) the validity of the prenatal hormone transfer theory, which predicts that, in dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, twins with an opposite-gender co-twin more frequently exhibit GID traits than twins with a same-gender co-twin; and (3) the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on GID traits as a function of age and gender. " 10/01/1996 - "Subjects in Study 1 were Dutch, adult and adolescent, biological male patients with gender dysphoria (persistent and recurrent desires to belong to the opposite sex), who were undergoing treatment with feminizing hormones. " 11/01/2023 - "Gender euphoria differed by race, gender, insurance, and hormone use, and was associated with reduced gender dysphoria (adjusted Odds Ratio[aOR] = 0.58; 95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] = 0.47-0.72) and alcohol misuse (aOR = 0.75; 95 %CI = 0.60-0.95), and increased resilience (aOR = 1.31; 95 %CI = 1.07-1.61). "
2.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 09/01/2009 - "Four patients were confirmed as females and were well-adjusted with assigned sex; gender identity disorder improved during treatment with GnRH analog in the last subject. " 10/01/2021 - "Our objective with this study was to examine the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) on these puberty-induced changes among youth with gender dysphoria (GD). " 01/01/2023 - "Ethical dilemmas of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs for the treatment of gender dysphoria." 08/01/2022 - "Implantable GnRH agonist can be used successfully in pediatric patients with gender dysphoria. " 01/01/2021 - "Investigating the behavioral and neurobiological effects of GnRH agonists in mice will be important to better guide the investigation of potential consequences of this treatment for youth experiencing gender dysphoria."
3.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "In the present study we used a quasi-experimental approach by assessing functional brain lateralization in trans boys (female sex assigned at birth, diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria, n = 21) before and after testosterone treatment, and compared these results to the functional lateralization of age-matched control groups of cisgender boys (n = 20) and girls (n = 21) around 16 years of age. " 01/01/2019 - "The study included 62 adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria who had started GnRHa treatment and had subsequently received testosterone treatment for more than 6 months. " 06/01/2009 - "This calls for an examination of 2D:4D in patients with gender identity disorder (GID) to study the possible influence of prenatal testosterone on gender identity. " 01/01/2021 - "Medically-sanctioned testosterone administration has seen increasingly widespread application in the treatment of gender dysphoria (GD). " 06/01/2020 - "The short duration off testosterone may improve patient's experiences, increase treatment acceptability, and decrease gender dysphoria for transgender men considering fertility preservation."
4.	AndrogensIBA 11/01/2013 - "Individuals with DSD experience atypical hormonal influences (higher levels of androgens in girls/women and lower levels in androgens in boys/men); however, they did not show increased gender dysphoria in this study. " 01/01/2021 - "We compared gender dysphoria (GD) patients and their same-sex siblings in terms of their 2D:4D ratios, which may reflect prenatal exposure to androgen, one of the possible etiological mechanisms underlying GD. " 11/01/2016 - "While continued postnatal androgen exposure in a number of DSD syndromes has been associated with higher rates of gender dysphoria and gender change, the role of a number of mediating and moderating factors, such as initial gender assignment, syndrome severity and clinical management remains largely unclear. " 01/01/2022 - "Genetics, androgen exposure, neuroanatomy, brain connectivity, history of trauma, parents with psychological disorders, and being raised by less than two parents are associated with gender dysphoria. " 02/01/2017 - "Most teenage patients with 5α-reductase-2 deficiency reared as females presented with gender dysphoria, while children with androgen insensitivity (except for one) or with gonadal dysgenesis developed a gender identity concordant with their gender of rearing. "
5.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 01/01/2022 - "Following diagnosis and glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy, the hyperandrogenism control and familial and socio-cultural factors changes, particularly, living alone and the interruption of social isolation, were accompanied by menarche appearance, improvement in hirsutism and metabolic profile, and a resolution in all psychological dimensions, depressive symptoms, and gender dysphoria. "
6.	Gonadal Steroid Hormones (Sex Hormones)IBA 01/01/2020 - "Postnatal Effects of Sex Hormones on Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions: A Study of Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria." 06/01/2018 - "Metabolic and functional changes in transgender individuals following cross-sex hormone treatment: Design and methods of the GEnder Dysphoria Treatment in Sweden (GETS) study." 10/01/2009 - "Association study of gender identity disorder and sex hormone-related genes." 01/01/2022 - "In order to align with their inner sense of gender identity, adolescents suffering from gender dysphoria are increasingly being treated with cross-sex hormones and irreversible surgeries to alter their bodies. " 03/01/2021 - "The informed consent model of care for people who identify as transgender is predicated on the idea that a careful mental health assessment and a formal diagnosis of gender dysphoria are not necessary preconditions before starting a person on cross-sex hormones. "
7.	Puberty InhibitorsIBA 02/08/2021 - "Puberty blockers do not alleviate negative thoughts in children with gender dysphoria, finds study." 09/20/2019 - "Gender dysphoria in children: puberty blockers study draws further criticism." 06/01/2023 - "I then apply my thesis to the prescription of puberty blockers to children with gender dysphoria." 01/01/2023 - "An evaluation of both authors' citations supports the claims of a weak evidence base for the use of puberty blockers and gender affirming hormonal treatments in youth with gender dysphoria. " 12/01/2022 - "Correspondence, update and clarification on 'Puberty blockers in gender dysphoria: an international perspective' by Barbi L, Tornese G."
8.	SteroidsIBA 12/01/2013 - "Careful study and evaluation of children with persistent severe gender dysphoria has led to the recommendation that puberty be suppressed at Tanner Stage II. If the dysphoria persists until age 16, treatment with sex steroids of the appropriate gender may begin at age 16 and be followed by gender-appropriate surgery. " 01/01/2023 - "The influence of sex steroid treatment on insular connectivity in gender dysphoria." 10/01/2020 - "Gender-affirming therapies with sex steroids are used in transgender and gender diverse persons for treatment of gender dysphoria, which may have profound impacts on their bone metabolism. " 01/01/2018 - "A better grasp of the role of male and female sex steroids in the liver of the two sexes may therefore represent an important element to conceive novel treatments aimed at preventing metabolic diseases particularly in ageing women or limiting undesired side effect in the treatment of gender dysphoria." 01/01/2019 - "Although the 2017 Endocrine Society Guidelines for gender dysphoria stipulated that cross-sex hormone therapy (CHT) achieve gonadal steroid levels equivalent to those of a cisperson of the chosen sex, for transgender women (male-to-female gender dysphoria), current gonadal therapy is usually estradiol. "
9.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 01/01/2021 - "However, abrupt estrogen cessation may also lead to adverse emotional and physiologic effects, including an exacerbation of one's gender dysphoria. " 01/01/2020 - "Evidence from animal models and case studies of treatment of gender dysphoria suggests that estrogens have a stimulatory effect on the growth plates present on the pelvis, leading to morphological change. " 12/27/2019 - "Our findings suggest a new avenue for investigation of genes involved in estrogen signaling pathways related to sexually dimorphic brain development and their relationship to gender dysphoria." 07/01/1988 - "Exogenous estrogen, gender dysphoria, and hairy leukoplakia." 07/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing estrogen and decreasing androgen in males and increasing androgen and decreasing estrogen in females on bone metabolism in patients with gender identity disorder (GID). "
10.	Estradiol (Delestrogen)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2021 - "Maintaining low estradiol to minimize pubertal development and possibly prevent gender dysphoria symptoms may make oocyte cryopreservation more desirable for transgender male adolescents." 01/01/2019 - "Case presentation: A 31-year-old man with estradiol valerate therapy for gender dysphoria was referred due to an elevation of serum cortisol levels. " 07/01/2023 - "Chart review was performed for all patients meeting at least one of the following criteria: differences between legal sex, sex assigned at birth, and gender identity (excluding blank fields) in the EHR SOGI fields; ICD-10 codes related to gender dysphoria or unspecified endocrine disorder; prescription for estradiol or testosterone suggesting use of gender-affirming hormones. " 12/01/2022 - "When gender dysphoria persists testosterone or oestradiol can be added as gender-affirming hormones in young people who go on to transition. " 01/01/2019 - "Conclusions: We should bear in mind the possibility of elevation in plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels when we start estradiol valerate injection in subjects with gender dysphoria. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2018 - "Gender reassignment, which holistically encompasses psychotherapy, hormonal therapy and genital and nongenital surgeries, is considered the most effective treatment for transgender nonconforming patients afflicted with gender dysphoria. " 11/18/2023 - "Supporting autonomy in young people with gender dysphoria: psychotherapy is not conversion therapy." 08/01/2023 - "Oftentimes it is the patients who are educating their physicians when discussing medical clearance or the esteemed "therapy letter." The therapy letter is a letter that details the support for surgery in a stable patient and reaffirms the need to have FFS in a person diagnosed with gender dysphoria. " 03/01/2023 - "GAHT is an important therapy in gender dysphoria and has consistent results in improving numerous sociopsychological variables." 01/01/2023 - "Recognizing the options and interpreting the effects of gender transition therapies are fundamental to the discussion and treatment of gender dysphoria. "
2.	Sex Reassignment Surgery 10/01/2018 - "Gender reassignment surgery, as series of complex surgical genital and non-genital procedures, is recognized as the most effective treatment for patients with gender dysphoria. " 12/01/2022 - "Genital gender affirming surgery is an effective treatment for gender dysphoria in transgender individuals. " 01/01/2018 - "The sex reassignment surgeries (SRS) required for legal change in gender status of individuals with gender dysphoria are helpful in relieving the conflicts. " 12/01/2023 - "This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Internet-based patient information on gender reassignment surgery for people who suffer from gender dysphoria. " 06/01/2019 - "Inclusion criteria consisted of having an official letter from the Tehran Psychiatric Institute, or a well-known psychiatrist, that showed a diagnosis of gender dysphoria and/or completed Gender-Affirming Surgery at least 6 months prior to this study. "
3.	Phalloplasty 04/01/2021 - "Phalloplasty is the main treatment for gender dysphoria disorder. " 11/01/2019 - "The treatment of gender dysphoria related to genitourinary anatomy can be effectively treated with phalloplasty. " 06/01/2019 - "Phalloplasty is a critical step for many transgender men who seek relief from gender dysphoria; however, phalloplasty is a difficult and complex surgery with many potential complications. " 01/01/2005 - "To describe a novel phalloplasty technique and to study the results and complications in female patients with gender dysphoria. " 01/01/2023 - "Phalloplasties are one of the most performed genital surgeries in the treatment of gender dysphoria for transmasculine patients. "
4.	Puberty Suppression 01/01/2021 - "The majority (71%) of participants in these studies required a diagnosis of gender dysphoria to qualify for puberty suppression and were administered medication during Tanner stages 2 through 4. Positive outcomes were decreased suicidality in adulthood, improved affect and psychological functioning, and improved social life. " 07/09/2019 - "The study uses a longitudinal observational design to examine the outcomes of existing medical treatment protocols for gender dysphoria in two distinct cohorts: youth initiating puberty suppression and youth pursuing a phenotypic gender transition. " 06/01/2015 - "Puberty suppression and executive functioning: An fMRI-study in adolescents with gender dysphoria." 12/01/2023 - "A total of 75 participants diagnosed with gender dysphoria who had used puberty suppression before age 18 years prior to receiving at least 9 years of long-term GAH were included. " 01/01/2023 - "It has been a quarter of a century since Dutch clinicians proposed puberty suppression as an intervention for "juvenile transsexuals," which became the international standard for treating gender dysphoria. "
5.	Sex Reassignment Procedures 03/30/2015 - "Results confirmed previous research about distress in gender dysphoria and improved mental health due to sex reassignment procedures. " 03/30/2015 - "This study evaluated dissociative symptomatology, childhood trauma and body uneasiness in 118 individuals with gender dysphoria, also evaluating dissociative symptoms in follow-up assessments after sex reassignment procedures were performed. " 10/01/2020 - "Sex-change procedures, better described as gender-change procedures, involve preparing patients psychologically and surgically for gender transition to treat their gender dysphoria. " 01/01/2018 - "To summarize the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's (WPATH) surgical eligibility criteria and describe how patients with gender dysphoria benefit from GCS, provide an overview of genital and non-genital feminizing gender-confirmation procedures, and review vaginoplasty techniques, preoperative considerations, complications, and outcomes. " 04/12/2016 - "The inclusion criteria were 18 years or older, diagnosis of gender dysphoria, and eligibility for a standardized sex reassignment procedure. "