Parietal Foramina

Abnormal, symmetric, oval openings in the PARIETAL BONE on each side of the sagittal suture and separated from each other by a narrow bridge of bone. Their size decreases with age and considerable intrafamilial variability is observed. Mutations in the MSX2 and ALX4 genes have been identified for some cases. OMIM: 168500.

Also Known As:

Networked: 13 relevant articles (0 outcomes, 1 trials/studies)

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Craniosynostoses (Craniosynostosis)
2.	Synostosis
3.	Hypertelorism
4.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)

Experts

1.	Galvão, André Pukey Oliveira: 1 article (07/2021)
2.	Magalhães, Carolina Peixoto: 1 article (07/2021)
3.	Valença, Marcelo Moraes: 1 article (07/2021)
4.	de Queiroz Lima, Alessandra Mertens Brainer: 1 article (07/2021)
5.	de Queiroz Lima, Pedro Thadeu Mertens Brainer: 1 article (07/2021)
6.	de Souza Ferreira, Maria Rosana: 1 article (07/2021)
7.	Da Costa Val Filho, José Aloysio: 1 article (05/2021)
8.	Dantas Dos Santos, Aieska Kellen: 1 article (05/2021)
9.	Ferreira Furtado, Leopoldo Mandic: 1 article (05/2021)
10.	Lima Vieira, José Antônio: 1 article (05/2021)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parietal Foramina:

1.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 01/01/2001 - "DNA binding studies show that the craniosynostosis and parietal foramina arise from gain and loss of function, respectively."
2.	Polyethylene (Polythene)IBA 07/01/2023 - "Repair of Congenital Enlarged Parietal Foramina With Porous Polyethylene Implants."
3.	4- Acetamido- 4'- isothiocyanatostilbene- 2,2'- disulfonic Acid (SITS)IBA 10/13/2023 - "Three distinct structures could be identified: (1) a cylindrical structure that sits at the posterior end of the sagittal suture with the parietal foramina in its base. "
4.	LigandsIBA 01/01/2008 - "The availability of conditional mutants of Bmp ligands, receptors and downstream effectors will make possible an increasingly high resolution analysis of precisely how the Bmp functions in these processes and how aberrations in its activity can contribute to pathological conditions such as familial parietal foramina and craniosynostosis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Sutures (Suture) 07/01/2021 - "The parietal foramina located in the proximity of the sagittal suture (male 7.1 ± 2.5 mm vs. female, 7.4 ± 2.7 mm). " 10/27/2020 - "Enlarged parietal foramina (PFM) are congenital calvarial defects characterized by bilateral parietal bone defects (>5 mm), occurring on each side of the sagittal suture along its posterior aspect. " 11/01/2017 - "Cranium bifidum occultum is a disorder of skull ossification presenting as an enlarged posterior fontanelle in the upper posterior angle of the parietal bone near the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. " 03/01/2013 - "In contrast, heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ALX4 had been only associated with isolated symmetrical parietal ossification defects at the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, known as enlarged parietal foramina. " 06/01/2006 - "It is believed that, as calvarial growth continues, ossification in parietal bones fills these defects, and they can remain as parietal foramina on either side of the sagittal suture. "
2.	Piezosurgery 05/31/2021 - "Trigonocephaly and Cranium Bifidum Occultum Treated Simultaneously Using the Split-Bone Technique and Piezosurgery."
3.	Osteotomy 11/01/2017 - "Cranium Bifidum Occultum Associated with Hypertelorism Treated with Posterior Vault Reconstruction and Orbital Box Osteotomies: Case Report and Technical Note." 11/01/2017 - "The patient underwent posterior vault reconstruction for correction of cranium bifidum occultum defect followed by bifrontal craniotomy and orbital box osteotomies for correction of orbital hypertelorism and nasal deformity. "
4.	Craniotomy 11/01/2017 - "The patient underwent posterior vault reconstruction for correction of cranium bifidum occultum defect followed by bifrontal craniotomy and orbital box osteotomies for correction of orbital hypertelorism and nasal deformity. "